Introduction
A. Botox is the latest beauty craze that has hit the middle age market. It is highly sought out by people of all age groups just like they would look for the latest designer wear. Its popularity is made more obvious by the fact that people use it to achieve exceptionally many purposes. Statistics show that different people use it for various purposes as opposed to other products that have only one application. It is, however, noteworthy that it is a beauty product that has medicinal value. It also has cosmetic aspects, which serve to, increase its popularity. The medicinal value of the product is used to cure ailments and illnesses such as migraines and incontinence. It is also used to treat neck pain cerebral palsy. Botox also has elements that eliminate excessive sweating in a person’s lives. The products beauty aspects are, however, what make it most marketable as everyone seeks to enhance their beauty. The beauty functions of Botox include elimination of crow’s feet around the eyes. It also eliminates wrinkles on an individual’s foreheads. The other beauty aspect is that it eliminates laugh lines and frown lines around the face.
II. Body of speech
A. Side effects of Botox
• It causes droopy eyelids in 20.8 % of the people who use it.
• It causes muscle weaknesses in 21% of the people who use it
• It also causes nausea in 3% of the people who use it.
• It causes pains in the face to some of the consumers.
• It also causes high blood pressure or hypertension in up to 1% of the consumers.
• It also causes indigestion and heartburn in up to 1% of the population
• It causes difficulties in swallowing in 20% of the people who use it
• It causes vertical misalignment of the eye or vertical variation in 17% of the population.
• It also causes upper respiratory infection in 12% of the people who use it
• It also causes headaches in 11% of the consumers.
• It causes neck pain up to 11%.
• It causes overactive bladderwhich causes urinary tract infection like difficulties while passing urine and blood elements in the urine.
• It causes fatigue
• It causes dizziness
• Runny or stuffy nose,
• Weaknesses
• It causes fever and chills
• It causes soreness at the place where it is injected
• It causes coughs
• It also causes anxiety and sore throat
B. What is Botox?
• Botox is a trade name for type a botulinum toxin that is produced by clostridium botulinum bacteria. Botox is the purified version of the bacteria as it goes through processing before reaching the market as Botox.
• It is related to botulism food poisoning, but the amounts given are minimal and localised and thus cannot spread in the body. The procedure is safe and harmless to individuals who use it.
• If taken in incorrect amounts, it causes botulism poisoning, which brings a, series of life threatening illness in animals and humans. The toxin paralyses vital breathing muscles.
• Small amounts of diluted botulinum toxin allow the body to have controlled muscle weakening. This is used by the medical fraternity to cure some diseases like cervical dystonia, migraines and other diseases.
• It is also used for appeal purposes like removal of glabellar lines. It is also used to terminate uncontrolled blinking. It is also used to remove facial creases.
• It is administered to the human body using a sharp needle so as to increase precision and accuracy. Before the vaccine, the body should be free of alcohol. Aspirin and anti inflammatory medications two weeks before the drugs are administered.
C. How Botox Works
1. Botox works by performing the action of selective muscle denervation. The muscles are made to contract to accomplish this action
2. To make the muscle contract a message is sent by the nerve to the muscle.
3. The nerve and the muscle meet at a place called neuromuscular junction at which point acetylcholine chemical is released.
4. This causes more chemical reactions, and they make the muscle contract.
5. The acetylcholine receptors are blocked by Botox on the muscle at the junction.
6. This paralyses the muscle in a non reversible manner.
III. Conclusion
Nov 22, 2011
Information System Usage Continuance Model
Explanation and Theoretical Background of the ECT Model
An ECT model illustrates the performance and expectation of a product in the market. It is a scientific analysis model that describes and emphasizes the need for consumers to predict the appropriateness of a product when they purchase or acquire it. It assists in the determination of whether a product or a service meets its desired purpose. For the model to be termed as effective, the consumers must accept the products being sold in the market by a certain firm in the market.
The expectation of performance of a product by a consumer takes place in two stages. First, there is service expectation. A consumer has anticipation on the performance of a commodity once it hits the market. He tries to evaluate if it will create the satisfaction required or desired. The consumer may have an already existing product he uses. The performance of the new product in the market will influence if he will shift to the new product or retain the usage of the old product.
Secondly there is technology expectation. The use of technology in development of a good or a service improves the performance of the product in the market. Technology is not constant. It keeps on shifting from time to time due new inventions and innovations. Consumers like to keep in pace with emerging technology and will tend to retain the usage of a product with improved technological features.
After the product is initiated into the market the actual performance and the perceived performance can be easily analyzed. Perceived service performance is the expected performance level of a product in the market. It is symbolized by the number of units sold to new entrants or customers in the market. If the products meet the consumer’s expectations, they tend to dominate the market and enjoy continued performance in the form of sales. Lack or failure to reach the desired satisfaction level by a product may have negative results to its performance in the market. This may make the consumer shift consumption to a better substitute product.
The second form of expectation is the perceived technology expectation. Technology supports the perception and adoptive trends in a consumer. The ability of a consumer to use advanced technology mediums such as the internet goes along the way in enhancing his or her adoptive intents to a product. In the event a potential buyer may see product ratings and performance level; in the internet, it might influence his perception to think the product is appropriate for his use. This may make him buy the product and derive satisfaction from it due to external indirect influence from the net. This makes technology appropriate in influencing adoptive measures to a customer.
Once the expectation and performance level have been achieved, the confirmation of the products performance by customers arises. The user’s expectations on both performance and technology of a service may have a negative or positive influence on the perceived confirmation. The outcome of performances of the product in market creates an appropriate confirmation analysis on the consumer.
After confirmation we have satisfaction. It involves the evaluation of the level of satisfaction obtained by a consumer as a result of using the availed product. The level of satisfaction which arises from the consumption of a product is termed as post-purchase satisfaction. This is possible when the product in the market meets the required level of performance through its acceptance by the consumers. If the product performance falls below the expectations of the marketers, it creates a negative performance gap to the marketing company.
The final step of a product retention and usage by a consumer involves the retention process. There is the initial intention as well as the continuance intention. Initial intention may involve a decision to consume the product for certain duration. Continuance intention entails a solid decision to continue using the availed product since it meets the desired satisfaction level expected by the consumer.
An ECT model illustrates the performance and expectation of a product in the market. It is a scientific analysis model that describes and emphasizes the need for consumers to predict the appropriateness of a product when they purchase or acquire it. It assists in the determination of whether a product or a service meets its desired purpose. For the model to be termed as effective, the consumers must accept the products being sold in the market by a certain firm in the market.
The expectation of performance of a product by a consumer takes place in two stages. First, there is service expectation. A consumer has anticipation on the performance of a commodity once it hits the market. He tries to evaluate if it will create the satisfaction required or desired. The consumer may have an already existing product he uses. The performance of the new product in the market will influence if he will shift to the new product or retain the usage of the old product.
Secondly there is technology expectation. The use of technology in development of a good or a service improves the performance of the product in the market. Technology is not constant. It keeps on shifting from time to time due new inventions and innovations. Consumers like to keep in pace with emerging technology and will tend to retain the usage of a product with improved technological features.
After the product is initiated into the market the actual performance and the perceived performance can be easily analyzed. Perceived service performance is the expected performance level of a product in the market. It is symbolized by the number of units sold to new entrants or customers in the market. If the products meet the consumer’s expectations, they tend to dominate the market and enjoy continued performance in the form of sales. Lack or failure to reach the desired satisfaction level by a product may have negative results to its performance in the market. This may make the consumer shift consumption to a better substitute product.
The second form of expectation is the perceived technology expectation. Technology supports the perception and adoptive trends in a consumer. The ability of a consumer to use advanced technology mediums such as the internet goes along the way in enhancing his or her adoptive intents to a product. In the event a potential buyer may see product ratings and performance level; in the internet, it might influence his perception to think the product is appropriate for his use. This may make him buy the product and derive satisfaction from it due to external indirect influence from the net. This makes technology appropriate in influencing adoptive measures to a customer.
Once the expectation and performance level have been achieved, the confirmation of the products performance by customers arises. The user’s expectations on both performance and technology of a service may have a negative or positive influence on the perceived confirmation. The outcome of performances of the product in market creates an appropriate confirmation analysis on the consumer.
After confirmation we have satisfaction. It involves the evaluation of the level of satisfaction obtained by a consumer as a result of using the availed product. The level of satisfaction which arises from the consumption of a product is termed as post-purchase satisfaction. This is possible when the product in the market meets the required level of performance through its acceptance by the consumers. If the product performance falls below the expectations of the marketers, it creates a negative performance gap to the marketing company.
The final step of a product retention and usage by a consumer involves the retention process. There is the initial intention as well as the continuance intention. Initial intention may involve a decision to consume the product for certain duration. Continuance intention entails a solid decision to continue using the availed product since it meets the desired satisfaction level expected by the consumer.
Safety in Sports
Introduction
Different sports have evolved over time, since the time they were first played. Some sports seem more dangerous than others do because of the amount of energy the players require, and the high risks involved. In some cases, the players and the fans pose more risk than the equipment used. This has been experienced when players were not satisfied with the results of the game and when they felt that a game was not fair. Some people have been injured in games and others have even died, for instance when they are scrambling to enter the field or stadium so that they can watch a game. Despite the risks involved, sports are fun and popular and most people spend their time enjoying their favorite sport. Some sports have remained popular through the years. Some sports have even been associated with different countries and regions. For instance, soccer is more popular in Europe than in other parts of the world. America enjoys a wide variety of sports. Some of the most common sports are baseball, football, basketball and hockey. The paper will highlight some of the rules that have evolved over the years, and the changes in equipment, which have contributed to ensuring safety in different sports.
The problem of safety in sports is of great importance to me. I became interested in the subject due to several reasons. I was concerned that although rules exist concerning different sports, some people do not follow them and they end up injuring their lives and even dying. The people who developed different sports did a commendable job by ensuring that safety was ensured, but despite this, some people do not follow the rules. Many people have ended up in hospitals and some of them have realized an end to their dreams because of the injuries they sustained. Some people do not like sports because they lack the necessary information concerning safety in sports. I believe that if they knew all the measures that have been put to ensure safety, they would all enjoy the games played. This would bring more people to the stadiums to watch the events, and it would reduce the number of people who choose to watch the game on television. Safety is indeed important and beneficial in sports. Sport officials and organizations need to be aware of rising safety concerns and they should be ready to improve safety by changing the rules, instilling stiffer penalties and ensuring the use of better equipment. .
Baseball
Baseball is one of the oldest sports in the country. It has evolved over time to incorporate new rules and better equipment. Most of the penalties used in the sport are instilled when players are involved with drugs. Before 1921, players could manipulate the outcome of the game by using spitballs. This happened when the players intentionally put another object on the ball. The substance could be anything that the player thought of and this had disastrous effects. In the seventies, a rule was established, which ensured that players used the recommended bat in the game. Players who used a flat bat or one which had been doctored in any other way would be suspended. The rules however changed in 1921. In 2008, television replays were allowed to determine whether there were any foul balls in the game and this ensured fairness.
Researchers involved in game safety have proposed measures to ensure safety especially among the young players. When the game was first developed and during the early years, it was considered a man’s game. No women or children were allowed to play. However, times have changed and children learn the game at a very young age. This means that more risks are involved. Sport equipment developers, parents and different organizations and institutions have called for the use of better equipment in the sport, especially when children are playing. A significant number of children have died, especially due to the impact of hardball. Doctors and physicians note the importance of teaching children how to form better pitching habits at an early age (Lyman et al. 2002). They have advocated the use of helmets, softer baseballs, chest and heart guards, batting vests and face guards to prevent the children from injury.
These type of equipment used today was not heard of during the early years of baseball development. Adult players also wear a lot of protective gear when they are playing to prevent injury. This includes gloves, shin guards and helmets among others (International Symposium on Safety in BAS, Francis and Earl, 1997). It is important to consider the type of field being used and the lighting available. This is because some fields are not marked appropriately and they pose a danger to the players. Lighting is important as it protects the players and the spectators. The spectators need to see the ball so that they can prevent themselves from injury (Nohr, 2009).
Basketball
Basketball is one of the few games that have evolved and changed dramatically over the years. The rules, equipment and penalties of the game have changed since it was first created in the late nineteenth century. During the early years of development of the modern game, players did not dribble the ball. Players were required to dribble only one time using both hands. One person in the team was usually chosen to shoot all the free throws, regardless of who had been fouled. Coaches could not talk to the players during the game. In the late sixties, the dunk was made illegal during warm ups and during training. Many of the players today would not play the game under such rules, as some would consider them severe. The inventor of the game would hardly recognize the game as it is played today. Many of the rules have changed and perhaps the only concept that has remained of the original idea is that the ball goes through the hoop.
Many of the changes, which are effective today, have made the game better and they have popularized the game. For instance, coaches can ask for breaks and they can address the players during the game. They advise the team on the strategies to use and the weaknesses of the opponent teams. They also take the opportunity to correct and motivate the players. The dunk is one of the most entertaining elements in the sport and the spectators wait to see which player will be the most creative. It gives the players a chance to show off their skills and to gauge each other. The first game was played using a soccer ball and two peach baskets. The baskets and the ball have since developed over time. The first basketball was made by using cowhide and rubber bladder, and it had laces. Basketball was one of the earliest games, which incorporated women, although they had their own rules. Men were not allowed to watch the first game played by women. Whereas the men were playing five-aside game, the women played six-aside game and this continued for a long time.
Early games were tough and they resembled a football game to some extent. The players and the spectators contributed to increasing the risk of injury. The spectators sometimes interfered when the players were playing. They sometimes directed the ball to the opposite side as the players reached near the basket. Before the rule of five players each side started, there was no defined number of players. In some cases, there were as many as a hundred players in the court. The rules also dictated that once a ball went outside the court, the player who would be the first to touch the ball would get the chance to handle the ball and shoot. This meant that all the players usually waited for such an opportunity. They scrambled for the ball and this led to many injuries (Herzog 2002).
The rules that have developed over the years have continued to make the game better. They have ensured that spectators have no chance of interfering with the game and this has enhanced fairness. They have also ensured that spectators and players have minimal risk of injury. The rules that had been preserved for women’s games were eliminated and this meant that they could also enjoy the game as the men did (Dubey). The ball and the basket are the main equipment used in the sport. The rules, the penalties in fouls and the development of the equipment have contributed to making basketball the enjoyable game it is today.
Football
American football is one of the toughest games in the country. It is largely influenced by rugby and football. Unlike other sports, the players were not interested in playing for a single team. The players usually switched teams and preferred playing for the team that offered them better incentives. There was no body or organization to check the progress of the sport since the American Professional Football Association was formed in 1920. The association was later named the National Football League. The decision to form the league changed the course of the game for the better. For instance, the league ensured that players did not switch teams as often as they used to. One of the most instrumental people in the game was Walter Camp. He introduced several changes to the game. He established the number of players as eleven, allowed tackling at the waist, reduced the size of the field, changed scoring rules and time and introduced paid referees and umpires (White, 2010).
The players have to listen to the referee’s whistle and the game usually stops once it is blown. Any player who advances beyond the line of the ball when the game is about to begin is usually designated as an off side and his team is bound to pay a penalty. Players are not expected to use their hands and arms to detain a player from the other side who is holding the ball. Failure to do this, results to loss of the ball. The players can also loose ten yards of distance. Players are not expected to tackle their opponents below the knees, use a closed fist when striking, use unnecessary roughness, throttle or trip up. Players are not expected to wear weapons such as projecting nails, iron plates.
The three important officials in a game include the referee, linesman and umpire. The umpire makes decisions concerning the conduct of the players, the referee follows the ball, and he decides any question regarding the ball and the linesman marks the distance after each down (Camp et al. 2010). The penalties and the rules established in the sport made it saner and safer to watch and play. People found the game more enjoyable since they knew that all the players would make it in the end. American football is one of the most popular sports in the country and people should enjoy it to the fullest. There are still cases of violence reported at different games. However, the sport organization is working to ensure that safety measures are upheld.
Hockey
Hockey is considered one of the most dangerous games because of all the risks involved. Players have to protect themselves from each other and from the equipment they are using. Fights during hockey games are common. Some of the protective gears, which every player must have, include hockey pants, helmets, mouth and shin guards, and shoulder pads among others (Nohr, 2009). Early players were not as protected as the modern day players are. They protected themselves by wearing thick sweaters and gloves and this was not effective. Some of them died and others sustained serious injuries (Johnson, 2009). Creighton is credited for developing the modern day hockey. Together with some of his friends, they combined different elements of soccer, polo and rugby when developing the game.
As the game continued to develop, the number of players changed from nine to seven and the puck changed from rubber to a block of wood and eventually to rubber disks (McComb, 2004). The development of modern ice hockey is Europe, although many countries played the game differently. Before the development of the rules concerning the use of protective gear, many players suffered facial injuries. Their mouths were injured and some of them were blinded. The development of national standards decreased the risk of injuries tremendously and this led to reduced health care costs. The sport continued to develop and players sustained injuries in other areas such as shoulders, knees and spinal cord. This meant that researchers and other stakeholders had to establish ways of ensuring maximum safety for the players.
There are many penalties in hockey. Players get penalties for tripping, hooking, spearing and slashing. When the players receive a penalty, they have to quit playing and sit in the penalty box (Johnson, 2009). Women were at the forefront in ensuring the success of the game. They played hard and they encouraged others to take up the game. Ice hockey has not managed to penetrate to different parts of the world because it is played on ice. Some of the counties in Asia and Africa do not experience snow and they do not have the infrastructure required when playing the game. This means that only countries in Europe and North America enjoy the game (McComb, 2004).
Conclusion
Baseball, basketball, ice hockey and football are the major games in America. All the sports have evolved since they were first created. Developers have examined different ways through which they can make the games better. They have improved the first types of equipment that were used when playing the games. The introduction of penalties in the different games has ensured that players play the sport by the rules. They have reduced the risks associated with different sports. Players no longer have to fear the thought of having long-term injuries. Although the sport developers have done their best to ensure safety in sports, some spectators and players insist on breaking the rules. This has sometimes caused major disasters in the games. Stricter penalties, such as suspension from games, will ensure that the players maintain the required discipline. It will ensure that families come together to watch their favorite sports.
Different sports have evolved over time, since the time they were first played. Some sports seem more dangerous than others do because of the amount of energy the players require, and the high risks involved. In some cases, the players and the fans pose more risk than the equipment used. This has been experienced when players were not satisfied with the results of the game and when they felt that a game was not fair. Some people have been injured in games and others have even died, for instance when they are scrambling to enter the field or stadium so that they can watch a game. Despite the risks involved, sports are fun and popular and most people spend their time enjoying their favorite sport. Some sports have remained popular through the years. Some sports have even been associated with different countries and regions. For instance, soccer is more popular in Europe than in other parts of the world. America enjoys a wide variety of sports. Some of the most common sports are baseball, football, basketball and hockey. The paper will highlight some of the rules that have evolved over the years, and the changes in equipment, which have contributed to ensuring safety in different sports.
The problem of safety in sports is of great importance to me. I became interested in the subject due to several reasons. I was concerned that although rules exist concerning different sports, some people do not follow them and they end up injuring their lives and even dying. The people who developed different sports did a commendable job by ensuring that safety was ensured, but despite this, some people do not follow the rules. Many people have ended up in hospitals and some of them have realized an end to their dreams because of the injuries they sustained. Some people do not like sports because they lack the necessary information concerning safety in sports. I believe that if they knew all the measures that have been put to ensure safety, they would all enjoy the games played. This would bring more people to the stadiums to watch the events, and it would reduce the number of people who choose to watch the game on television. Safety is indeed important and beneficial in sports. Sport officials and organizations need to be aware of rising safety concerns and they should be ready to improve safety by changing the rules, instilling stiffer penalties and ensuring the use of better equipment. .
Baseball
Baseball is one of the oldest sports in the country. It has evolved over time to incorporate new rules and better equipment. Most of the penalties used in the sport are instilled when players are involved with drugs. Before 1921, players could manipulate the outcome of the game by using spitballs. This happened when the players intentionally put another object on the ball. The substance could be anything that the player thought of and this had disastrous effects. In the seventies, a rule was established, which ensured that players used the recommended bat in the game. Players who used a flat bat or one which had been doctored in any other way would be suspended. The rules however changed in 1921. In 2008, television replays were allowed to determine whether there were any foul balls in the game and this ensured fairness.
Researchers involved in game safety have proposed measures to ensure safety especially among the young players. When the game was first developed and during the early years, it was considered a man’s game. No women or children were allowed to play. However, times have changed and children learn the game at a very young age. This means that more risks are involved. Sport equipment developers, parents and different organizations and institutions have called for the use of better equipment in the sport, especially when children are playing. A significant number of children have died, especially due to the impact of hardball. Doctors and physicians note the importance of teaching children how to form better pitching habits at an early age (Lyman et al. 2002). They have advocated the use of helmets, softer baseballs, chest and heart guards, batting vests and face guards to prevent the children from injury.
These type of equipment used today was not heard of during the early years of baseball development. Adult players also wear a lot of protective gear when they are playing to prevent injury. This includes gloves, shin guards and helmets among others (International Symposium on Safety in BAS, Francis and Earl, 1997). It is important to consider the type of field being used and the lighting available. This is because some fields are not marked appropriately and they pose a danger to the players. Lighting is important as it protects the players and the spectators. The spectators need to see the ball so that they can prevent themselves from injury (Nohr, 2009).
Basketball
Basketball is one of the few games that have evolved and changed dramatically over the years. The rules, equipment and penalties of the game have changed since it was first created in the late nineteenth century. During the early years of development of the modern game, players did not dribble the ball. Players were required to dribble only one time using both hands. One person in the team was usually chosen to shoot all the free throws, regardless of who had been fouled. Coaches could not talk to the players during the game. In the late sixties, the dunk was made illegal during warm ups and during training. Many of the players today would not play the game under such rules, as some would consider them severe. The inventor of the game would hardly recognize the game as it is played today. Many of the rules have changed and perhaps the only concept that has remained of the original idea is that the ball goes through the hoop.
Many of the changes, which are effective today, have made the game better and they have popularized the game. For instance, coaches can ask for breaks and they can address the players during the game. They advise the team on the strategies to use and the weaknesses of the opponent teams. They also take the opportunity to correct and motivate the players. The dunk is one of the most entertaining elements in the sport and the spectators wait to see which player will be the most creative. It gives the players a chance to show off their skills and to gauge each other. The first game was played using a soccer ball and two peach baskets. The baskets and the ball have since developed over time. The first basketball was made by using cowhide and rubber bladder, and it had laces. Basketball was one of the earliest games, which incorporated women, although they had their own rules. Men were not allowed to watch the first game played by women. Whereas the men were playing five-aside game, the women played six-aside game and this continued for a long time.
Early games were tough and they resembled a football game to some extent. The players and the spectators contributed to increasing the risk of injury. The spectators sometimes interfered when the players were playing. They sometimes directed the ball to the opposite side as the players reached near the basket. Before the rule of five players each side started, there was no defined number of players. In some cases, there were as many as a hundred players in the court. The rules also dictated that once a ball went outside the court, the player who would be the first to touch the ball would get the chance to handle the ball and shoot. This meant that all the players usually waited for such an opportunity. They scrambled for the ball and this led to many injuries (Herzog 2002).
The rules that have developed over the years have continued to make the game better. They have ensured that spectators have no chance of interfering with the game and this has enhanced fairness. They have also ensured that spectators and players have minimal risk of injury. The rules that had been preserved for women’s games were eliminated and this meant that they could also enjoy the game as the men did (Dubey). The ball and the basket are the main equipment used in the sport. The rules, the penalties in fouls and the development of the equipment have contributed to making basketball the enjoyable game it is today.
Football
American football is one of the toughest games in the country. It is largely influenced by rugby and football. Unlike other sports, the players were not interested in playing for a single team. The players usually switched teams and preferred playing for the team that offered them better incentives. There was no body or organization to check the progress of the sport since the American Professional Football Association was formed in 1920. The association was later named the National Football League. The decision to form the league changed the course of the game for the better. For instance, the league ensured that players did not switch teams as often as they used to. One of the most instrumental people in the game was Walter Camp. He introduced several changes to the game. He established the number of players as eleven, allowed tackling at the waist, reduced the size of the field, changed scoring rules and time and introduced paid referees and umpires (White, 2010).
The players have to listen to the referee’s whistle and the game usually stops once it is blown. Any player who advances beyond the line of the ball when the game is about to begin is usually designated as an off side and his team is bound to pay a penalty. Players are not expected to use their hands and arms to detain a player from the other side who is holding the ball. Failure to do this, results to loss of the ball. The players can also loose ten yards of distance. Players are not expected to tackle their opponents below the knees, use a closed fist when striking, use unnecessary roughness, throttle or trip up. Players are not expected to wear weapons such as projecting nails, iron plates.
The three important officials in a game include the referee, linesman and umpire. The umpire makes decisions concerning the conduct of the players, the referee follows the ball, and he decides any question regarding the ball and the linesman marks the distance after each down (Camp et al. 2010). The penalties and the rules established in the sport made it saner and safer to watch and play. People found the game more enjoyable since they knew that all the players would make it in the end. American football is one of the most popular sports in the country and people should enjoy it to the fullest. There are still cases of violence reported at different games. However, the sport organization is working to ensure that safety measures are upheld.
Hockey
Hockey is considered one of the most dangerous games because of all the risks involved. Players have to protect themselves from each other and from the equipment they are using. Fights during hockey games are common. Some of the protective gears, which every player must have, include hockey pants, helmets, mouth and shin guards, and shoulder pads among others (Nohr, 2009). Early players were not as protected as the modern day players are. They protected themselves by wearing thick sweaters and gloves and this was not effective. Some of them died and others sustained serious injuries (Johnson, 2009). Creighton is credited for developing the modern day hockey. Together with some of his friends, they combined different elements of soccer, polo and rugby when developing the game.
As the game continued to develop, the number of players changed from nine to seven and the puck changed from rubber to a block of wood and eventually to rubber disks (McComb, 2004). The development of modern ice hockey is Europe, although many countries played the game differently. Before the development of the rules concerning the use of protective gear, many players suffered facial injuries. Their mouths were injured and some of them were blinded. The development of national standards decreased the risk of injuries tremendously and this led to reduced health care costs. The sport continued to develop and players sustained injuries in other areas such as shoulders, knees and spinal cord. This meant that researchers and other stakeholders had to establish ways of ensuring maximum safety for the players.
There are many penalties in hockey. Players get penalties for tripping, hooking, spearing and slashing. When the players receive a penalty, they have to quit playing and sit in the penalty box (Johnson, 2009). Women were at the forefront in ensuring the success of the game. They played hard and they encouraged others to take up the game. Ice hockey has not managed to penetrate to different parts of the world because it is played on ice. Some of the counties in Asia and Africa do not experience snow and they do not have the infrastructure required when playing the game. This means that only countries in Europe and North America enjoy the game (McComb, 2004).
Conclusion
Baseball, basketball, ice hockey and football are the major games in America. All the sports have evolved since they were first created. Developers have examined different ways through which they can make the games better. They have improved the first types of equipment that were used when playing the games. The introduction of penalties in the different games has ensured that players play the sport by the rules. They have reduced the risks associated with different sports. Players no longer have to fear the thought of having long-term injuries. Although the sport developers have done their best to ensure safety in sports, some spectators and players insist on breaking the rules. This has sometimes caused major disasters in the games. Stricter penalties, such as suspension from games, will ensure that the players maintain the required discipline. It will ensure that families come together to watch their favorite sports.
The success of the C-130 aircraft produced by Lockheed Martin Aerospace
ASCI 490 Aeronautical Science Capstone Course
Individual Project (Proposal)
James Nixon
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
ASCI 490 Aeronautical Science Capstone Course (Proposal)
Submitted to the Worldwide Campus
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Professional Aeronautics
Abstract
The C-130 Hercules aircraft has been produced by Lockheed Martin for sixty years, and is the longest active aircraft being produced. Through low-cost designs, innovative manufacturing strategies, and new technologies, Lockheed has produced over 40 models of the C-130 for over sixty countries. This project will focus on the multiple programs that contribute to the success of the C-130 program such as production control, production support, and quality assurance, and will incorporate charts, graphs, and statistical data analysis that will help support the claim that Lockheed Martin continues their growth and influence in the aerospace industry. Finally, the student will provide an understanding of management applications and operations of the C-130 and how those decisions created a successful company.
Proposal
This project will take the form of an individual project
Success of Lockheed Martin Aerospace
Statement of the Project
The C-130 Hercules aircraft has been produced by Lockheed Martin for sixty years, and is the longest active aircraft being produced. Through low-cost designs, innovative manufacturing strategies, and new technologies, Lockheed has produced over 40 models of the C-130 for over sixty countries. This project will focus on the multiple programs that contribute to the success of the C-130 program such as production control, production support, and quality assurance, and will incorporate charts, graphs, and statistical data analysis that will help support the claim that Lockheed Martin continues their growth and influence in the aerospace industry. Finally, the student will provide an understanding of management applications and operations of the C-130 and how those decisions created a successful company. The research obtained will be supported by concepts and applications that students used at Embry Riddle Aeronautical University majoring with a BS in Professional Aeronautics. The student will demonstrate their research ability with documentation and apply the knowledge of the C-130 program to this project. The student will demonstrate the use of several objectives that have been used throughout the degree program, and will discuss the decisions that were made in management that made the C-130 aircraft so successful, such as mergers and other acquisitions. Finally, the student will evaluate the consistency of the C-130 program and compare these factors with one of its main competitor, Boeing.
Program Outcomes Addressed
Critical Thinking. The student will apply knowledge at the synthesis level to define and solve problems within professional and personal environments.
The project will demonstrate many concepts and applications that the student obtained while attending Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. This project will gather and assess relevant information to explain the managerial decisions that makes this company run efficiently. The student will reveal the use of critical thinking, providing reasons and solution to many issues within the C-130 program that were resolved with great managerial decisions. Using case studies and accredited news articles, this project will achieve the objective of applying knowledge to define and solve problems within professional and personal environments.
Quantitative reasoning: The student will demonstrate the use of digitally-enabled technology (including concepts, techniques and tools of computing), mathematics proficiency & analysis techniques to interpret data for the purpose of drawing valid conclusions and solving associated problems.
The project will demonstrate the use of digitally-enabled technology and analysis techniques using mathematical concepts to create and solve issues of the company. The project will use charts, graphs, and financial data which will help interpret the status of the past and current state of the C-130 program. The project will interpret the data of the given charts and graphs to discuss various methods to explain the information grammatically. Data that will be used in the quantitative reasoning will be collected from recent financial reports and current public records obtained through various websites and Hunt Library.
Information Literacy: The student will conduct meaningful research, including gathering information from primary and secondary sources and incorporating and documenting source material in his or her writing.
The project will gather information from primary and secondary sources that will be documented to help understand the context provided in the paper. The information that is collected will provide the ability to access, evaluate, and organize the research. The idea of the project was made available through multiple concepts provided by the Professional Aeronautics degree. Other publications will be used that were provided by online sources, textbooks, and previous research papers that the student completed for other courses.
Communication: The student will communicate concepts in written, digital and oral forms to present technical and non-technical information.
The student will provide various ways of communicating concepts in written, digital, and oral forms to achieve the objective of the project. The project will be use different forms of media such as the financial reports, charts, graphs, and data to help explain the success of the C-130 program at Lockheed Martin. The student will make use of programs such as Microsoft Word and Excel to support the project.
Scientific literacy: The student will be able to analyze scientific evidence as it relates to the physical world and its interrelationship with human values and interest.
The project will use scientific literacy to help identify scientific issues underlying concepts used throughout the degree program. The project will express the knowledge and understanding of scientific concepts and processes required for personal decision making. The project will utilize the course concepts to allow the student to ask, find, and determine answers to questions derived from curiosity of managerial decisions at Lockheed Martin.
Cultural literacy: The student will be able to analyze historical events, cultural artifacts, and philosophical concepts.
The project will assess the social and cultural impact of the C-130, and explain the affects the aircraft has made locally and globally. The project will provide important historical events in the company’s existence that proved to play a major role in the success of the corporation. The project will also analyze the historical significance of the products created at this company such as the cargo aircraft and improvements in technology.
Lifelong personal goal: The student will be able to demonstrate the skills needed to enrich the quality of life through activities which enhance and promote lifetime learning.
During the process of earning a Professional Aeronautics degree at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, every student should gain some form of self fulfillment. This University has been held to high standards for many decades and each course offered at the campus may be used in any type of career field. This degree will increase the chances for success in the aviation industry. This project will demonstrate the knowledge that the student has obtained throughout the degree program.
Aeronautical science: The student will demonstrate an understanding and application of the basic and thus advanced concepts of aeronautical science as they apply to the aviation/aerospace industry for solving problems.
This project will implement many aeronautical science concepts that were demonstrated throughout the professional aeronautics degree program. The student will display the knowledge that he received from courses such as legislation, safety, and basic aircraft performance and apply them to the operations of the C-130 at Lockheed Martin Aerospace Company. The project will allow everyone to observe the decisions made by management that have affected the production and maintenance workers for many decades, and the information that will be provided will explain the various forms of analysis and research collected.
Aviation Legislation and Law: The student will engage and discuss to present an understanding and application of basic concepts in National and International Legislation and Law as they pertain to the aviation/aerospace industry.
The project will discuss the many laws and regulations that must be applied to any type of Aviation Company. The student will use the concepts from Aviation Legislation and Law to demonstrate the effects of the FAA, unions, and other government agencies that are involved with an aerospace production and how it affects the C-130 program. The project will emphasize more on the federal aviation regulations and how the FAA’s demands have molded modern aviation into what it is today. The student will demonstrate the knowledge of the aviation legislation and law concepts by explaining each role, duties, and responsibilities of the personnel involved in producing the C-130.
Aviation Safety: The student will compare and discuss in written and spoken formats an understanding and application of basic concepts in aviation safety as they pertain to the aviation/aerospace industry.
This project will discuss concepts of aviation safety that have to deal with production and manufacturing of the C-130 aircraft. Lockheed Martin Aerospace is a company with many safety regulations that must be in compliance with federal agencies such as the FAA, EPA, and OSHA. This project will explain the importance of aviation safety and how it is influenced by previous mishaps that may have lead to injuries and damages (Kirk, 1995). Lockheed Martin Aeronautics is a company that believes that efforts that are taken to ensure this aircraft is free from factors that may lead to injury or loss. This project will research data analysis and safety articles to help explain the significance of human factor. The student will discuss various case studies that involved factors that lead to accidents in the workplace. The project will explain the implications of aviation safety and why it is a vital part in the aerospace industry.
Aviation management and operations: The student will present and illustrate an understanding and application of management activities as they apply to aviation/aerospace operations.
The application of Aviation Management theories, concepts and practices to the identified management problems will be discussed in this project. The student will research and analyze the decisions made by management, and evaluate if the choices were good for the production of the C-130. The student will discuss the identification and study of current economic, regulatory, and operational issues impacting the government contractor, and evaluate the growth of this sixty year old aircraft.
Statement of the problem
Presently, it has been assumed that with the declining prevalence of aeronautical science and seemingly reduced rate of researching in the neighborhood, schools in most countries in the world are no longer affected by the negative vices of researching, whether based on the errors, limited research or otherwise. In this regard, it is further assumed that the students within the schools have the ability to eliminate problems in the aeronautical industry. However, there is a very great difference between the reality and the assumptions taken so far. For instance, there are cases of errors in the aeronautical departments, given that in the current school administrations, the work of the counselors have not been defined, while other schools have little concern on the need to have counselors. In addition, the school counselors my sometimes be involved in the errors or may take little action on the problems caused. This study will therefore focus on the need to find the roles of the counselors in reducing the errors and enhancing efficient construction of world class airplanes in the industries, and the student’s attitudes towards the providing and undertaking efficient research in the industry.
In fair terms these studies are too broad, they lack relevancy in the case of the US, a global superpower whose aviation system leverages the world system but fail to address the needs of the local economy. It is therefore imperative for research to be carried out to look at the roles that aeronautical science play in mitigating potential financial crisis, how it reacted to the 2008 global financial meltdown, and most importantly, how it fares relative to other aeronautical systems in the globe.
Thesis Statement on aeronautical engineering
Whereas aero science and aviation technology are capable of preventing the occurrence of a financial crisis such as the one witnessed in 2008, this noble goal can only be achieved if these extensive studies and research ability measures embrace transparency and high moral and professional standards.
Significance of the study
The main aim of the study is to find the work behind the success that has occurred in the C-130 Hercules aircraft that was orchestrated by the Lockheed Martin Company where currently, there are several reports on studies that have been developed with the aim of establishing various aspects of developing the aeronautical industry in various parts of the world. Most of these studies have successfully reported on the existence of various forms of problems within schools and the neighborhood. However, very few, if any, studies have focused on the role of counselors in the schools. In addition, those which have focused on these issues have not been well developed, and very few have provided with satisfactory results on the issue. In addition, they have not focused on the specific industries around the vast world rather they have provided with generalized results on the specific countries. This has been confusing, and it is therefore the role of this study to provide clarity on the issue. The results of this study will be useful in planning aeronautical systems, especially in the process of developing aeronautical programs in industries within the county, and in the world in general. The studies are expected to be used by both the individual industries and other countries around the world.
Research strategies
From the above listed study aims and objectives the following research questions can be drawn out:
a. What does prudent aviation and Lockheed martin aerospace entail?
b. Can prudent aviation and financial management measures mitigate a global aerospace crisis?
c. Did the aeronautical industry meltdown occur as a result of poor manufacturing strategies?
d. To what extent is quality manufacturing strategies and obligations fulfilled in the Lockheed martin aerospace company.
e. What role did Lockheed Martin aerospace play in the efficient manufacturing objectives?
f. What responsibilities does Lockheed Martin aerospace bear, relative to other aviation projects in causing the aeronautical industry turn around?
g. Following the end of the aeronautical industry turnaround, has the Lockheed Martin aerospace instituted measures capable of mitigating a similar crisis?
h. What lessons can aviation students and managers draw from the turnaround of the industry?
i. What has been the key driving force behind the C-130 Hercules aircraft in the last 60 years?
Study questions
The study will focus on finding the answers to these following questions. These questions of the study will act as the guidelines for the study, and will determine the scope of the study. This will prevent the researcher from following unnecessary details of manufacturing in the aeronautical industry, but instead focus on the specific details to which the study has been tailored.
1. How has manufacturing been implemented in industries around the world?
2. How has Lockheed Martin aerospace contributed in the manufacturing industry?
3. Do wrong procedures affect the manufacturing industry?
4. Has Lockheed Martin aerospace contributed efficiently in the aeronautical science industry?
5. Do the various managers find the work done by Lockheed Martin aerospace conclusive in the development of the aeronautical industry?
Study hypothesis
Aeronautical industry has had its own peaks and downturns around the world, it is based on various aspects of manufacturing, and has a significant negative effect on the industries process of researching and which can be successfully be reduced by industries counselors, however, there are mixed feeling among the managers on the need to have counselors in industries.
Overview of the Chapter
This chapter will present an extensive review of existing relevant aeronautical research. The choice of the literature was guided by the study aim, objectives, and questions outlined in the preceding chapter. To this effect, the following subsections will be addressed: theoretical framework (Aeronautical engineering theory), aerospace management, Lockheed Martin aerospace, as well as ways of averting a similar crisis.
Theoretical Framework: Aeronautical engineering theory
In a normal organizational scenario, an agent is engaged by the principal to serve the interests of the principal. For this noble goal to be fully achieved there must be mechanisms to align the interests of both the principal and agent (Sharma, 1997). For instance, matters to do with profit sharing and overall management of an entity should be carried in a manner that does not infringe on the interests of either party. As expected, problems always occur at some point. The aeronautical engineering theory was coined to address these inevitable problems. Basically, the theory posits that the principals have got the right to be informed while on the other hand, agents are obligated to provide timely and accurate information. The principal enters into an agreement with the agent, where the principal pays the agent to perform specific duties, for instance selling and supply of aircrafts etc.
The rationale behind the selection of this theory was based on its ability to provide a clear picture of what transpires between agents (aviation managers) working in the Lockheed Martin aerospace industry and their principals (shareholders). Ideally, the theory provides the basis on which arguments will be made in establishing the roles that manufacturing strategies plays in the mitigation of aeronautical downturns.
Based on Sharma, this theoretical framework holds that the agreement between the principal and the agent is governed by two salient determinants. The first determinant is based on the notion that “agents are autonomous and are prone to maximizing their own interests at the expense of principals”. This determinant seems to hint that at any given time, disagreement between the principal and agent should be expected. Secondly, the principal-agent relationship is bogged by information asymmetry (Sharma, 1997). This second determinant seems to suggest that at any given time, either the principal or the agent will be having crucial information but unwilling to pass that information to the other party. For example, in the aviation industry, the manufacturer may be having superior information about the industry but may decide not to pass all the information to the manufacturer for fear that the customers may fail to buy the product.
Aviation Management and Operations and the history of the C-130 HERCULES AIRCRAFT
The Hercules holds the history for the bulkiest and the largest aircraft that has ever landed on an aircraft carrier. Founded in 1963 where it was loaned to the US Naval Air test centre and made history by making 29 touch and go landings it continued with this trend and in the year 1964 it became the 464th Troop carrier wind and later followed its loaning to the French air division of the 332 and achieved its mission of flowing the most dramatic missions in the history of the country of Congo that was then a Belgian state.
Lockheed Martin aerospace downturns have led to serious liquidity shortfalls in the world. Efforts to formulate sound measures for mitigating these financial crises have given rise to the unending debate on what roles does aviation technology play (Gillis., & Jackson, 2002). This debate revolves around the notion that, lack of management procedures in the industry, a major global aviated downturn. Most organizations especially aviation institutions collapse because of poor financial management, Moreover and from an aeronautical engineering theory perspective, it is imperative to note that new technological ability and management measures play an important role in mitigating aviation crises. This is because when the agent engages in unethical practices such as manipulating aviation data to hoodwink the principal or even not disclosing the financial status of the organization in a timely manner, chances are that at some point the organization may experience a serious aviation problem that may proof too hard to solve.
Chapter Summary
This chapter has presented a comprehensive review of existing relevant literature about aviation role of demonstrating concepts in mitigating aviation crises as well as the role of the Lockheed Martin aerospace industry in mitigating aviation crises. The review of these salient areas of the study topic was done in accordance with the espoused Aeronautical Engineering theory basis. Together with the primary data collected through the use of questionnaires, the reviewed literature will form the study findings.
Methodology
The research utilized several methods of study, including surveys, questionnaires, field observations as well as other experimental methods as effective ways of collecting data. The researchers also used several methods of data collection as well as investigation so as to boost the exactness and reproducibility of the results. Thus, in order to raise the probability of advancing results from various sources relating to aviation crises and the roles of the Lockheed Martin aerospace in curbing this.
Overview of the Chapter
This chapter presents a detailed account of the salient processes involved in the collection of study information. Basically, the chapter is divided into the following core sections, the espoused theoretical framework, research design, sampling methods, data collection, data analysis, ethical assurances, and lastly, study limitations. Moreover and so as to create a credible study methodology, the researcher provides the rationales behind the selection of the theoretical framework, research design, sampling, data collection, and data analysis methods.
In essence, this chapter forms perhaps the most important part of the study given that it provides a strong basis on which results, discussions, inferences, and findings will be drawn from to shed more light on the study topic. Based on Crewel (2003) opinions that the methodology chapter in a study should be organized in a coherent and clear manner so as to accord the audience an opportunity to envision the sampling techniques employed, the number of participants, the data collection and analysis tools employed as well as the study limitations, this chapter is structured into the following sub-sections that are successively built from each other. They include:
(1) Chapter overview: covers a detailed account of study purpose as well as an outline of the various sections of the chapter.
(2) Conceptual framework: this section offers a comprehensive account of the chapter’s conceptual framework (post-modernism).
(3) Research design: gives an account of the modalities of the qualitative research design as well as the rationale for choosing the research design.
(4) Sample and Sampling Techniques: describes the target population as well as the methods employed in sampling the population.
(5) Data collection: offers a clear procedure on the modalities involved in collecting data from the study population.
(6) Data analysis: gives a clear pictures on the methods employed in the analysis of the collected data.
(7) Limitations: covers the few limitations and/or problems that were encountered during the sampling, data collection and analysis processes.
Aeronautical Framework: Postmodernism
According to, XXX modern research studies should employ aviation frameworks that enhance the adequate processing of collected data.
Research Design
Experimentation: Indeed the researchers insisted on examining past events in the global aeronautical science in relation to roles that were practiced before by the operation managers. Specifically, data relating to past economic crises in the global world and more so the Lockheed Martin aerospace particularly the devastating crises and others that occurred before, and other effects on the global economic system, which encompassed the verdict of the organization, and the involvement or rather measures taken by aviation managers were used for the experiment.
The researchers retrieved the data from precedent records, but which mostly pertained to America and the world. Indeed, the recent activities invoked by the aeronautical managers and students in addressing the economic situation (Burns & Grove, 2004). Moreover, the records were retrieved from the internet, which incorporated the website of the various organization of the aeronautical industry with data taken also. Furthermore, additional data on the historical events were retrieved from other secondary results that had a detailed scrutiny of data relating to roles played before by the aeronautical managers in the sixty years history of Lockheed Martin aerospace and how the roles impacted on the global economy be it positive or negative.
Experimentation was only considered an assertion design but not the major study blueprint in this case. Moreover, its function was to offer the researchers who are most accurate as far as the study results are concerned. Moreover, it offers an insight into the likely causes of aeronautical problems of the global world in relation to bad decisions or roles played by aviation managers before.
Sample surveys
Questionnaires were utilized to interview aeronautical managers in Lockheed Martin aerospace company. In this case, the examiner acknowledged the target team members from the members within the C-130 Hercules aircrafts. Because these persons were situated in various localities globally, the internet was the most proficient way of talking to the study group. In addition, questionnaires were made on Microsoft Word 2007 format and dispatched to the relevant study group on the internet as well as through their private mails. Consequently, the results were to be retrieved back from these persons in the same manner.
Study design
This study will be both a qualitative and quantitative study. It will focus on the issues that have led to the success of the C-130 aircraft success in the last 60 years. The study will not be an investigative process, but will be purely a study aimed at determining the best possible ways to provide aviation services to the organizations in order to ensure that aeronautical downturns are prevented. The researchers have embarked on using questionnaires administered to the organizations that are able to fill in the questionnaires. This means that the researchers will develop easy to understand questions within the questionnaires, which the organizations will find simple to fill-in.
Procedure
I would ideally like to spend a day or two at each organization administering the questionnaire to managers and staff, however, if that is not possible I will request that the current aviation manufacturers. Once all questionnaires have been completed and collected they will be reviewed. Manufacturers with relevant responses will then be interviewed and asked to respond to a series of predetermined questions relevant to the study.
Data Collection Methods
The data for the C-130 was collected within a period of one month with the main aim being to find about the success that the company had received in the last 60 years. This period was predetermined as the phase of data collection and was therefore done without any delay since all the plans and targets put forth were done with utter strictness to the latter and this facilitated the achievement of the researchers targeted one month period. In addition, the qualitative data was obtained over time in individual’s interviews and subsequently documented. Consequently, for the quantitative data, the surveys were collected by the researcher and respectively disseminated through email to the center group in various industries. Responses were also received via the email and communication sailed through perfectly as planned as the banks had been informed beforehand of the academic data collection by the researcher.
Data analysis procedure
Once the data has been recorded, it will undergo the process of analysis in order to derive information from it. The researchers have decided to use the data analysis techniques available, and this will specifically be computer based techniques. In particular, these methods will include SPSS, Microsoft excel and access software. The researcher will develop t-tests, graphical analysis, correlation tables and correlation charts. Data presentation will be done using pie charts, correlation tables, tables, graphs and statements.
Ethical Assurances
The researcher worked within the conventional ethical standards. Specifically, the researcher was guided by Lather opinion that, “just as there is no neutral education there is no neutral research” Consequently, the researcher ensured that all the salient processes were carried out in accordance with the espoused theoretical framework of postmodernism. The researcher was aware that study findings and conclusions are in most cases products of the researcher’s moral and political convictions. To this end, the researcher worked within the postmodernism framework. In addition, the researcher undertook to thoroughly study the target population as well as to review the existing relevant literature.
The researcher clarified the study purpose to the participants prior to commencing of the study. Mason posits that before embarking on the process of collecting data, a researcher should partake of the following steps: Seek permission from the relevant authorities, identify the potential participants, inform them of the purpose of the study, and most importantly, assure them that their participation will be based on their willingness (Downs, 1999). To this end, the researcher sought permission from the company as well as from the potential participants. The company together with the participants were assured that the information collected from them would only be used for academic purposes. Again, they were assured that only the information they were willing to divulge would be used in the study, that is, there would not be any instances of coercion to participate or even to divulge certain information. Moreover and so as to enhance participation, the potential participants were informed that they were free to withdraw from the study any time they may wish so. Furthermore, the researcher undertook to communicate the study schedule to the participants prior to dispatching the questionnaires. This gave the participants the opportunity to make adjustments to their own schedules.
3.8 Study Limitations
Like many other social studies, this study suffered a considerable number of problems. These problems revolved around the accuracy (validity and reliability) of the formation gathered through primary methods. As a matter of fact, the accuracy of the information collected from the participants using questionnaires could not be authenticated as the researcher relied on the participants’ goodwill. The risk that some of the participants would give out untrue information was real. For instance, though the identities of the participants were not divulged, some of the participants may have felt uncomfortable providing information that would paint a bad picture of their organizations in regard to their contribution or lack of it towards the mitigation of various problems in the aeronautical industry. Such participants may have been tempted to give false information. The study also suffered severe limitations since the data that was required for the study for the last 60 years in regard to the success of the C-130 Hercules aircraft was insufficient since it was hard to find on most sites.
3.9 Summary of the Chapter
This chapter has presented a comprehensive account of the core study processes of sampling, data collection, and data analysis. So as to enhance the ease of participation as well as the elicitation of accurate information, a random sampling method was employed. Again and so as to increase the amount of data collected both primary and secondary data collection methods were utilized. The primary data collection methods comprised of questionnaires which were administered to study participants while the secondary data collection methods comprised of reviewing of the relevant literature. The collected data was analyzed using a continuous method of drawing short memos and codes. Lastly, the researcher worked within the set ethical provisions.
Individual Project (Proposal)
James Nixon
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
ASCI 490 Aeronautical Science Capstone Course (Proposal)
Submitted to the Worldwide Campus
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Professional Aeronautics
Abstract
The C-130 Hercules aircraft has been produced by Lockheed Martin for sixty years, and is the longest active aircraft being produced. Through low-cost designs, innovative manufacturing strategies, and new technologies, Lockheed has produced over 40 models of the C-130 for over sixty countries. This project will focus on the multiple programs that contribute to the success of the C-130 program such as production control, production support, and quality assurance, and will incorporate charts, graphs, and statistical data analysis that will help support the claim that Lockheed Martin continues their growth and influence in the aerospace industry. Finally, the student will provide an understanding of management applications and operations of the C-130 and how those decisions created a successful company.
Proposal
This project will take the form of an individual project
Success of Lockheed Martin Aerospace
Statement of the Project
The C-130 Hercules aircraft has been produced by Lockheed Martin for sixty years, and is the longest active aircraft being produced. Through low-cost designs, innovative manufacturing strategies, and new technologies, Lockheed has produced over 40 models of the C-130 for over sixty countries. This project will focus on the multiple programs that contribute to the success of the C-130 program such as production control, production support, and quality assurance, and will incorporate charts, graphs, and statistical data analysis that will help support the claim that Lockheed Martin continues their growth and influence in the aerospace industry. Finally, the student will provide an understanding of management applications and operations of the C-130 and how those decisions created a successful company. The research obtained will be supported by concepts and applications that students used at Embry Riddle Aeronautical University majoring with a BS in Professional Aeronautics. The student will demonstrate their research ability with documentation and apply the knowledge of the C-130 program to this project. The student will demonstrate the use of several objectives that have been used throughout the degree program, and will discuss the decisions that were made in management that made the C-130 aircraft so successful, such as mergers and other acquisitions. Finally, the student will evaluate the consistency of the C-130 program and compare these factors with one of its main competitor, Boeing.
Program Outcomes Addressed
Critical Thinking. The student will apply knowledge at the synthesis level to define and solve problems within professional and personal environments.
The project will demonstrate many concepts and applications that the student obtained while attending Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. This project will gather and assess relevant information to explain the managerial decisions that makes this company run efficiently. The student will reveal the use of critical thinking, providing reasons and solution to many issues within the C-130 program that were resolved with great managerial decisions. Using case studies and accredited news articles, this project will achieve the objective of applying knowledge to define and solve problems within professional and personal environments.
Quantitative reasoning: The student will demonstrate the use of digitally-enabled technology (including concepts, techniques and tools of computing), mathematics proficiency & analysis techniques to interpret data for the purpose of drawing valid conclusions and solving associated problems.
The project will demonstrate the use of digitally-enabled technology and analysis techniques using mathematical concepts to create and solve issues of the company. The project will use charts, graphs, and financial data which will help interpret the status of the past and current state of the C-130 program. The project will interpret the data of the given charts and graphs to discuss various methods to explain the information grammatically. Data that will be used in the quantitative reasoning will be collected from recent financial reports and current public records obtained through various websites and Hunt Library.
Information Literacy: The student will conduct meaningful research, including gathering information from primary and secondary sources and incorporating and documenting source material in his or her writing.
The project will gather information from primary and secondary sources that will be documented to help understand the context provided in the paper. The information that is collected will provide the ability to access, evaluate, and organize the research. The idea of the project was made available through multiple concepts provided by the Professional Aeronautics degree. Other publications will be used that were provided by online sources, textbooks, and previous research papers that the student completed for other courses.
Communication: The student will communicate concepts in written, digital and oral forms to present technical and non-technical information.
The student will provide various ways of communicating concepts in written, digital, and oral forms to achieve the objective of the project. The project will be use different forms of media such as the financial reports, charts, graphs, and data to help explain the success of the C-130 program at Lockheed Martin. The student will make use of programs such as Microsoft Word and Excel to support the project.
Scientific literacy: The student will be able to analyze scientific evidence as it relates to the physical world and its interrelationship with human values and interest.
The project will use scientific literacy to help identify scientific issues underlying concepts used throughout the degree program. The project will express the knowledge and understanding of scientific concepts and processes required for personal decision making. The project will utilize the course concepts to allow the student to ask, find, and determine answers to questions derived from curiosity of managerial decisions at Lockheed Martin.
Cultural literacy: The student will be able to analyze historical events, cultural artifacts, and philosophical concepts.
The project will assess the social and cultural impact of the C-130, and explain the affects the aircraft has made locally and globally. The project will provide important historical events in the company’s existence that proved to play a major role in the success of the corporation. The project will also analyze the historical significance of the products created at this company such as the cargo aircraft and improvements in technology.
Lifelong personal goal: The student will be able to demonstrate the skills needed to enrich the quality of life through activities which enhance and promote lifetime learning.
During the process of earning a Professional Aeronautics degree at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, every student should gain some form of self fulfillment. This University has been held to high standards for many decades and each course offered at the campus may be used in any type of career field. This degree will increase the chances for success in the aviation industry. This project will demonstrate the knowledge that the student has obtained throughout the degree program.
Aeronautical science: The student will demonstrate an understanding and application of the basic and thus advanced concepts of aeronautical science as they apply to the aviation/aerospace industry for solving problems.
This project will implement many aeronautical science concepts that were demonstrated throughout the professional aeronautics degree program. The student will display the knowledge that he received from courses such as legislation, safety, and basic aircraft performance and apply them to the operations of the C-130 at Lockheed Martin Aerospace Company. The project will allow everyone to observe the decisions made by management that have affected the production and maintenance workers for many decades, and the information that will be provided will explain the various forms of analysis and research collected.
Aviation Legislation and Law: The student will engage and discuss to present an understanding and application of basic concepts in National and International Legislation and Law as they pertain to the aviation/aerospace industry.
The project will discuss the many laws and regulations that must be applied to any type of Aviation Company. The student will use the concepts from Aviation Legislation and Law to demonstrate the effects of the FAA, unions, and other government agencies that are involved with an aerospace production and how it affects the C-130 program. The project will emphasize more on the federal aviation regulations and how the FAA’s demands have molded modern aviation into what it is today. The student will demonstrate the knowledge of the aviation legislation and law concepts by explaining each role, duties, and responsibilities of the personnel involved in producing the C-130.
Aviation Safety: The student will compare and discuss in written and spoken formats an understanding and application of basic concepts in aviation safety as they pertain to the aviation/aerospace industry.
This project will discuss concepts of aviation safety that have to deal with production and manufacturing of the C-130 aircraft. Lockheed Martin Aerospace is a company with many safety regulations that must be in compliance with federal agencies such as the FAA, EPA, and OSHA. This project will explain the importance of aviation safety and how it is influenced by previous mishaps that may have lead to injuries and damages (Kirk, 1995). Lockheed Martin Aeronautics is a company that believes that efforts that are taken to ensure this aircraft is free from factors that may lead to injury or loss. This project will research data analysis and safety articles to help explain the significance of human factor. The student will discuss various case studies that involved factors that lead to accidents in the workplace. The project will explain the implications of aviation safety and why it is a vital part in the aerospace industry.
Aviation management and operations: The student will present and illustrate an understanding and application of management activities as they apply to aviation/aerospace operations.
The application of Aviation Management theories, concepts and practices to the identified management problems will be discussed in this project. The student will research and analyze the decisions made by management, and evaluate if the choices were good for the production of the C-130. The student will discuss the identification and study of current economic, regulatory, and operational issues impacting the government contractor, and evaluate the growth of this sixty year old aircraft.
Statement of the problem
Presently, it has been assumed that with the declining prevalence of aeronautical science and seemingly reduced rate of researching in the neighborhood, schools in most countries in the world are no longer affected by the negative vices of researching, whether based on the errors, limited research or otherwise. In this regard, it is further assumed that the students within the schools have the ability to eliminate problems in the aeronautical industry. However, there is a very great difference between the reality and the assumptions taken so far. For instance, there are cases of errors in the aeronautical departments, given that in the current school administrations, the work of the counselors have not been defined, while other schools have little concern on the need to have counselors. In addition, the school counselors my sometimes be involved in the errors or may take little action on the problems caused. This study will therefore focus on the need to find the roles of the counselors in reducing the errors and enhancing efficient construction of world class airplanes in the industries, and the student’s attitudes towards the providing and undertaking efficient research in the industry.
In fair terms these studies are too broad, they lack relevancy in the case of the US, a global superpower whose aviation system leverages the world system but fail to address the needs of the local economy. It is therefore imperative for research to be carried out to look at the roles that aeronautical science play in mitigating potential financial crisis, how it reacted to the 2008 global financial meltdown, and most importantly, how it fares relative to other aeronautical systems in the globe.
Thesis Statement on aeronautical engineering
Whereas aero science and aviation technology are capable of preventing the occurrence of a financial crisis such as the one witnessed in 2008, this noble goal can only be achieved if these extensive studies and research ability measures embrace transparency and high moral and professional standards.
Significance of the study
The main aim of the study is to find the work behind the success that has occurred in the C-130 Hercules aircraft that was orchestrated by the Lockheed Martin Company where currently, there are several reports on studies that have been developed with the aim of establishing various aspects of developing the aeronautical industry in various parts of the world. Most of these studies have successfully reported on the existence of various forms of problems within schools and the neighborhood. However, very few, if any, studies have focused on the role of counselors in the schools. In addition, those which have focused on these issues have not been well developed, and very few have provided with satisfactory results on the issue. In addition, they have not focused on the specific industries around the vast world rather they have provided with generalized results on the specific countries. This has been confusing, and it is therefore the role of this study to provide clarity on the issue. The results of this study will be useful in planning aeronautical systems, especially in the process of developing aeronautical programs in industries within the county, and in the world in general. The studies are expected to be used by both the individual industries and other countries around the world.
Research strategies
From the above listed study aims and objectives the following research questions can be drawn out:
a. What does prudent aviation and Lockheed martin aerospace entail?
b. Can prudent aviation and financial management measures mitigate a global aerospace crisis?
c. Did the aeronautical industry meltdown occur as a result of poor manufacturing strategies?
d. To what extent is quality manufacturing strategies and obligations fulfilled in the Lockheed martin aerospace company.
e. What role did Lockheed Martin aerospace play in the efficient manufacturing objectives?
f. What responsibilities does Lockheed Martin aerospace bear, relative to other aviation projects in causing the aeronautical industry turn around?
g. Following the end of the aeronautical industry turnaround, has the Lockheed Martin aerospace instituted measures capable of mitigating a similar crisis?
h. What lessons can aviation students and managers draw from the turnaround of the industry?
i. What has been the key driving force behind the C-130 Hercules aircraft in the last 60 years?
Study questions
The study will focus on finding the answers to these following questions. These questions of the study will act as the guidelines for the study, and will determine the scope of the study. This will prevent the researcher from following unnecessary details of manufacturing in the aeronautical industry, but instead focus on the specific details to which the study has been tailored.
1. How has manufacturing been implemented in industries around the world?
2. How has Lockheed Martin aerospace contributed in the manufacturing industry?
3. Do wrong procedures affect the manufacturing industry?
4. Has Lockheed Martin aerospace contributed efficiently in the aeronautical science industry?
5. Do the various managers find the work done by Lockheed Martin aerospace conclusive in the development of the aeronautical industry?
Study hypothesis
Aeronautical industry has had its own peaks and downturns around the world, it is based on various aspects of manufacturing, and has a significant negative effect on the industries process of researching and which can be successfully be reduced by industries counselors, however, there are mixed feeling among the managers on the need to have counselors in industries.
Overview of the Chapter
This chapter will present an extensive review of existing relevant aeronautical research. The choice of the literature was guided by the study aim, objectives, and questions outlined in the preceding chapter. To this effect, the following subsections will be addressed: theoretical framework (Aeronautical engineering theory), aerospace management, Lockheed Martin aerospace, as well as ways of averting a similar crisis.
Theoretical Framework: Aeronautical engineering theory
In a normal organizational scenario, an agent is engaged by the principal to serve the interests of the principal. For this noble goal to be fully achieved there must be mechanisms to align the interests of both the principal and agent (Sharma, 1997). For instance, matters to do with profit sharing and overall management of an entity should be carried in a manner that does not infringe on the interests of either party. As expected, problems always occur at some point. The aeronautical engineering theory was coined to address these inevitable problems. Basically, the theory posits that the principals have got the right to be informed while on the other hand, agents are obligated to provide timely and accurate information. The principal enters into an agreement with the agent, where the principal pays the agent to perform specific duties, for instance selling and supply of aircrafts etc.
The rationale behind the selection of this theory was based on its ability to provide a clear picture of what transpires between agents (aviation managers) working in the Lockheed Martin aerospace industry and their principals (shareholders). Ideally, the theory provides the basis on which arguments will be made in establishing the roles that manufacturing strategies plays in the mitigation of aeronautical downturns.
Based on Sharma, this theoretical framework holds that the agreement between the principal and the agent is governed by two salient determinants. The first determinant is based on the notion that “agents are autonomous and are prone to maximizing their own interests at the expense of principals”. This determinant seems to hint that at any given time, disagreement between the principal and agent should be expected. Secondly, the principal-agent relationship is bogged by information asymmetry (Sharma, 1997). This second determinant seems to suggest that at any given time, either the principal or the agent will be having crucial information but unwilling to pass that information to the other party. For example, in the aviation industry, the manufacturer may be having superior information about the industry but may decide not to pass all the information to the manufacturer for fear that the customers may fail to buy the product.
Aviation Management and Operations and the history of the C-130 HERCULES AIRCRAFT
The Hercules holds the history for the bulkiest and the largest aircraft that has ever landed on an aircraft carrier. Founded in 1963 where it was loaned to the US Naval Air test centre and made history by making 29 touch and go landings it continued with this trend and in the year 1964 it became the 464th Troop carrier wind and later followed its loaning to the French air division of the 332 and achieved its mission of flowing the most dramatic missions in the history of the country of Congo that was then a Belgian state.
Lockheed Martin aerospace downturns have led to serious liquidity shortfalls in the world. Efforts to formulate sound measures for mitigating these financial crises have given rise to the unending debate on what roles does aviation technology play (Gillis., & Jackson, 2002). This debate revolves around the notion that, lack of management procedures in the industry, a major global aviated downturn. Most organizations especially aviation institutions collapse because of poor financial management, Moreover and from an aeronautical engineering theory perspective, it is imperative to note that new technological ability and management measures play an important role in mitigating aviation crises. This is because when the agent engages in unethical practices such as manipulating aviation data to hoodwink the principal or even not disclosing the financial status of the organization in a timely manner, chances are that at some point the organization may experience a serious aviation problem that may proof too hard to solve.
Chapter Summary
This chapter has presented a comprehensive review of existing relevant literature about aviation role of demonstrating concepts in mitigating aviation crises as well as the role of the Lockheed Martin aerospace industry in mitigating aviation crises. The review of these salient areas of the study topic was done in accordance with the espoused Aeronautical Engineering theory basis. Together with the primary data collected through the use of questionnaires, the reviewed literature will form the study findings.
Methodology
The research utilized several methods of study, including surveys, questionnaires, field observations as well as other experimental methods as effective ways of collecting data. The researchers also used several methods of data collection as well as investigation so as to boost the exactness and reproducibility of the results. Thus, in order to raise the probability of advancing results from various sources relating to aviation crises and the roles of the Lockheed Martin aerospace in curbing this.
Overview of the Chapter
This chapter presents a detailed account of the salient processes involved in the collection of study information. Basically, the chapter is divided into the following core sections, the espoused theoretical framework, research design, sampling methods, data collection, data analysis, ethical assurances, and lastly, study limitations. Moreover and so as to create a credible study methodology, the researcher provides the rationales behind the selection of the theoretical framework, research design, sampling, data collection, and data analysis methods.
In essence, this chapter forms perhaps the most important part of the study given that it provides a strong basis on which results, discussions, inferences, and findings will be drawn from to shed more light on the study topic. Based on Crewel (2003) opinions that the methodology chapter in a study should be organized in a coherent and clear manner so as to accord the audience an opportunity to envision the sampling techniques employed, the number of participants, the data collection and analysis tools employed as well as the study limitations, this chapter is structured into the following sub-sections that are successively built from each other. They include:
(1) Chapter overview: covers a detailed account of study purpose as well as an outline of the various sections of the chapter.
(2) Conceptual framework: this section offers a comprehensive account of the chapter’s conceptual framework (post-modernism).
(3) Research design: gives an account of the modalities of the qualitative research design as well as the rationale for choosing the research design.
(4) Sample and Sampling Techniques: describes the target population as well as the methods employed in sampling the population.
(5) Data collection: offers a clear procedure on the modalities involved in collecting data from the study population.
(6) Data analysis: gives a clear pictures on the methods employed in the analysis of the collected data.
(7) Limitations: covers the few limitations and/or problems that were encountered during the sampling, data collection and analysis processes.
Aeronautical Framework: Postmodernism
According to, XXX modern research studies should employ aviation frameworks that enhance the adequate processing of collected data.
Research Design
Experimentation: Indeed the researchers insisted on examining past events in the global aeronautical science in relation to roles that were practiced before by the operation managers. Specifically, data relating to past economic crises in the global world and more so the Lockheed Martin aerospace particularly the devastating crises and others that occurred before, and other effects on the global economic system, which encompassed the verdict of the organization, and the involvement or rather measures taken by aviation managers were used for the experiment.
The researchers retrieved the data from precedent records, but which mostly pertained to America and the world. Indeed, the recent activities invoked by the aeronautical managers and students in addressing the economic situation (Burns & Grove, 2004). Moreover, the records were retrieved from the internet, which incorporated the website of the various organization of the aeronautical industry with data taken also. Furthermore, additional data on the historical events were retrieved from other secondary results that had a detailed scrutiny of data relating to roles played before by the aeronautical managers in the sixty years history of Lockheed Martin aerospace and how the roles impacted on the global economy be it positive or negative.
Experimentation was only considered an assertion design but not the major study blueprint in this case. Moreover, its function was to offer the researchers who are most accurate as far as the study results are concerned. Moreover, it offers an insight into the likely causes of aeronautical problems of the global world in relation to bad decisions or roles played by aviation managers before.
Sample surveys
Questionnaires were utilized to interview aeronautical managers in Lockheed Martin aerospace company. In this case, the examiner acknowledged the target team members from the members within the C-130 Hercules aircrafts. Because these persons were situated in various localities globally, the internet was the most proficient way of talking to the study group. In addition, questionnaires were made on Microsoft Word 2007 format and dispatched to the relevant study group on the internet as well as through their private mails. Consequently, the results were to be retrieved back from these persons in the same manner.
Study design
This study will be both a qualitative and quantitative study. It will focus on the issues that have led to the success of the C-130 aircraft success in the last 60 years. The study will not be an investigative process, but will be purely a study aimed at determining the best possible ways to provide aviation services to the organizations in order to ensure that aeronautical downturns are prevented. The researchers have embarked on using questionnaires administered to the organizations that are able to fill in the questionnaires. This means that the researchers will develop easy to understand questions within the questionnaires, which the organizations will find simple to fill-in.
Procedure
I would ideally like to spend a day or two at each organization administering the questionnaire to managers and staff, however, if that is not possible I will request that the current aviation manufacturers. Once all questionnaires have been completed and collected they will be reviewed. Manufacturers with relevant responses will then be interviewed and asked to respond to a series of predetermined questions relevant to the study.
Data Collection Methods
The data for the C-130 was collected within a period of one month with the main aim being to find about the success that the company had received in the last 60 years. This period was predetermined as the phase of data collection and was therefore done without any delay since all the plans and targets put forth were done with utter strictness to the latter and this facilitated the achievement of the researchers targeted one month period. In addition, the qualitative data was obtained over time in individual’s interviews and subsequently documented. Consequently, for the quantitative data, the surveys were collected by the researcher and respectively disseminated through email to the center group in various industries. Responses were also received via the email and communication sailed through perfectly as planned as the banks had been informed beforehand of the academic data collection by the researcher.
Data analysis procedure
Once the data has been recorded, it will undergo the process of analysis in order to derive information from it. The researchers have decided to use the data analysis techniques available, and this will specifically be computer based techniques. In particular, these methods will include SPSS, Microsoft excel and access software. The researcher will develop t-tests, graphical analysis, correlation tables and correlation charts. Data presentation will be done using pie charts, correlation tables, tables, graphs and statements.
Ethical Assurances
The researcher worked within the conventional ethical standards. Specifically, the researcher was guided by Lather opinion that, “just as there is no neutral education there is no neutral research” Consequently, the researcher ensured that all the salient processes were carried out in accordance with the espoused theoretical framework of postmodernism. The researcher was aware that study findings and conclusions are in most cases products of the researcher’s moral and political convictions. To this end, the researcher worked within the postmodernism framework. In addition, the researcher undertook to thoroughly study the target population as well as to review the existing relevant literature.
The researcher clarified the study purpose to the participants prior to commencing of the study. Mason posits that before embarking on the process of collecting data, a researcher should partake of the following steps: Seek permission from the relevant authorities, identify the potential participants, inform them of the purpose of the study, and most importantly, assure them that their participation will be based on their willingness (Downs, 1999). To this end, the researcher sought permission from the company as well as from the potential participants. The company together with the participants were assured that the information collected from them would only be used for academic purposes. Again, they were assured that only the information they were willing to divulge would be used in the study, that is, there would not be any instances of coercion to participate or even to divulge certain information. Moreover and so as to enhance participation, the potential participants were informed that they were free to withdraw from the study any time they may wish so. Furthermore, the researcher undertook to communicate the study schedule to the participants prior to dispatching the questionnaires. This gave the participants the opportunity to make adjustments to their own schedules.
3.8 Study Limitations
Like many other social studies, this study suffered a considerable number of problems. These problems revolved around the accuracy (validity and reliability) of the formation gathered through primary methods. As a matter of fact, the accuracy of the information collected from the participants using questionnaires could not be authenticated as the researcher relied on the participants’ goodwill. The risk that some of the participants would give out untrue information was real. For instance, though the identities of the participants were not divulged, some of the participants may have felt uncomfortable providing information that would paint a bad picture of their organizations in regard to their contribution or lack of it towards the mitigation of various problems in the aeronautical industry. Such participants may have been tempted to give false information. The study also suffered severe limitations since the data that was required for the study for the last 60 years in regard to the success of the C-130 Hercules aircraft was insufficient since it was hard to find on most sites.
3.9 Summary of the Chapter
This chapter has presented a comprehensive account of the core study processes of sampling, data collection, and data analysis. So as to enhance the ease of participation as well as the elicitation of accurate information, a random sampling method was employed. Again and so as to increase the amount of data collected both primary and secondary data collection methods were utilized. The primary data collection methods comprised of questionnaires which were administered to study participants while the secondary data collection methods comprised of reviewing of the relevant literature. The collected data was analyzed using a continuous method of drawing short memos and codes. Lastly, the researcher worked within the set ethical provisions.
Fast Food Is Bad For You
Sentence Outline- Persuasive Speech
Thesis: Indeed, fast foods are bad to our health, and they should be discouraged as much as possible.
i. There are three reasons why people should avoid consuming fast foods.
A. Fast food causes obesity
1. Firstly, fast food contain high volumes of calories and eating too much of it leads to obesity and weight gain (Bowman & Vinyard, 2004).
2. Secondly, research indicates that individuals who consume high amounts of fast foods end up eating more calories (Bariatic Surgery Source).
3. In addition, it also contains saturated fat, sodium, and little volumes of milk, vegetables, and fruits (Bariatic Surgery Source).
4. Furthermore, research also reveals that, junk food from main stores has high volume of trans fat. Trans fat is known for having significant impact on one’s body and contributes to abdominal obesity, weight gain, heart diseases, and diabetes (Bowman & Vinyard, 2004).
5. In that respect, individuals concerned about obesity should take an action of avoiding them, and instead consume healthy food, which is balanced (Bariatic Surgery Source).
B. Fast food causes laziness among people
1. Firstly, the addictiveness and convenience nature of fast food leads to laziness of people in general.
2. Secondly, people tend to oversee the idea that too much consumption of junk food leads to weight gain. Furthermore, the good tastes of most fast foods spark people to continue taking more (Mark et al., 2005).
3. Naturally, consuming high volumes of junk food adds to obese cases, hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes, which are the major causes of laziness (Jakle & Sculle, 2002).
4. In fact, considering that most individuals are leading a sedentary lifestyle, the excess calories and fats are not fully used in the body (Mark et al., 2005).
C. Fast food is expensive and it denies families time together
1. In view of fast food, it is only economical for single people, and not families (Mark et al., 2005).
2. In fact, spending some time with one’s family in junk food joints is not a big deal. Nonetheless, going there frequently can turn out quite expensive, save for the risks (Bowman & Vinyard, 2004).
3. Furthermore, fast foods are to blame for making people in a family spend time together (Bowman & Vinyard, 2004).
4. Whenever a family is taking meals together, they get an opportunity to share experiences, and come together. In that respect, fast food is fast robbing this quality period (Burstein & Goodbody, 2008).
Conclusion
A. Restating thesis statement
1. Fast foods are bad to our health, and they should be discouraged as much as possible.
B. Restating the main points
1. Fast foods are the cause of growing cases of obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart problems among others.
2. They also cause laziness among people due to weight gain.
3. Fast food is expensive, and the family is denied a chance to spend time together, and discuss matters affecting them.
Thesis: Indeed, fast foods are bad to our health, and they should be discouraged as much as possible.
i. There are three reasons why people should avoid consuming fast foods.
A. Fast food causes obesity
1. Firstly, fast food contain high volumes of calories and eating too much of it leads to obesity and weight gain (Bowman & Vinyard, 2004).
2. Secondly, research indicates that individuals who consume high amounts of fast foods end up eating more calories (Bariatic Surgery Source).
3. In addition, it also contains saturated fat, sodium, and little volumes of milk, vegetables, and fruits (Bariatic Surgery Source).
4. Furthermore, research also reveals that, junk food from main stores has high volume of trans fat. Trans fat is known for having significant impact on one’s body and contributes to abdominal obesity, weight gain, heart diseases, and diabetes (Bowman & Vinyard, 2004).
5. In that respect, individuals concerned about obesity should take an action of avoiding them, and instead consume healthy food, which is balanced (Bariatic Surgery Source).
B. Fast food causes laziness among people
1. Firstly, the addictiveness and convenience nature of fast food leads to laziness of people in general.
2. Secondly, people tend to oversee the idea that too much consumption of junk food leads to weight gain. Furthermore, the good tastes of most fast foods spark people to continue taking more (Mark et al., 2005).
3. Naturally, consuming high volumes of junk food adds to obese cases, hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes, which are the major causes of laziness (Jakle & Sculle, 2002).
4. In fact, considering that most individuals are leading a sedentary lifestyle, the excess calories and fats are not fully used in the body (Mark et al., 2005).
C. Fast food is expensive and it denies families time together
1. In view of fast food, it is only economical for single people, and not families (Mark et al., 2005).
2. In fact, spending some time with one’s family in junk food joints is not a big deal. Nonetheless, going there frequently can turn out quite expensive, save for the risks (Bowman & Vinyard, 2004).
3. Furthermore, fast foods are to blame for making people in a family spend time together (Bowman & Vinyard, 2004).
4. Whenever a family is taking meals together, they get an opportunity to share experiences, and come together. In that respect, fast food is fast robbing this quality period (Burstein & Goodbody, 2008).
Conclusion
A. Restating thesis statement
1. Fast foods are bad to our health, and they should be discouraged as much as possible.
B. Restating the main points
1. Fast foods are the cause of growing cases of obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart problems among others.
2. They also cause laziness among people due to weight gain.
3. Fast food is expensive, and the family is denied a chance to spend time together, and discuss matters affecting them.
Day of Sabbath
We live in a time of fast pace life, we are always busy running around. We rarely have time to stop and relax. According to Judaism, Jews have a day of Sabbath. Sabbath is the day of rest; a day of relaxation to appreciate God’s creations and relationship (Hopfe & Woodward 2009). I believe that it is very important to have a day of Sabbath. As humans we are always trying to advance ourselves; trying to get the newest and fastest cell phones and other technologies. In life the young generation is constantly keeping in touch through email or text message. Everything is quick and fast. I believe that this can have a negative effect on person so it is necessary to have a day of relaxation.
According to Religions of the World, Sabbath is the most important and distinctive of all Jewish holidays. The fact that it is the most important holiday shows the importance of relaxation. Orthodox Jews are supposed to stay away from driving cars, using money, smoking, or doing any kind of physical activity. This day is meant to stay away from the hectic life so a person is able to relax and go back to the work week in a relax mood (Hopfe & Woodward 2009).
I believe in day of relaxation because I notice when I stop and relax for a day what a big difference there is when I return back to my regular routine. I took nine credits of summer school courses this past summer. This was after I was taking eighteen credits in the fall and spring semester. By the end of summer I was exhausted, constantly studying and worried about the next assignment. I was worn out; I decided to take a small trip to Deep Creek Park in Maryland with my best friend. I turned off my cell phone, did not get on my laptop, nothing. We drove to the creek, rented a cabin and enjoyed the beautiful scenery. It felt amazing to not always be on the run. I was able to just relax and enjoy the scenery. I felt that because my mind was relaxing I was able to appreciate the beauty in God’s creations. I am aware that God’s creations are everywhere but I notice that because I am always so busy there are times that I don’t realize it. This mini trip into nature helped me realize how abundant God’s creations are.
I think in order to have a successful day of relaxation a person should appreciate the basic gifts of life. When a person realizes the gift in simplicity than I think it calms and relaxes a person. Along with noticing the beauty in nature I was able to appreciate my friendship. I had a good time with my friend. On our way back I made sure to call my parents. This trip made me appreciate the simple creations of nature. The trip reminded me to call my parents and just appreciate my relationship with my family because they are the ones that helped create me. The effect a few days of relaxation had on me was amazing. Once I returned from my trip I was much more productive and able to do better work because my mind and body had a few days of relaxation to enjoy the beauties of life.
In conclusion whether a person is a Jew, religious, or not religious a day of relaxation is necessary. This day of relaxation is almost like a person is resetting their clock, resetting to relax and recharge a person. This allows a person to do better when they return back to work or school.
According to Religions of the World, Sabbath is the most important and distinctive of all Jewish holidays. The fact that it is the most important holiday shows the importance of relaxation. Orthodox Jews are supposed to stay away from driving cars, using money, smoking, or doing any kind of physical activity. This day is meant to stay away from the hectic life so a person is able to relax and go back to the work week in a relax mood (Hopfe & Woodward 2009).
I believe in day of relaxation because I notice when I stop and relax for a day what a big difference there is when I return back to my regular routine. I took nine credits of summer school courses this past summer. This was after I was taking eighteen credits in the fall and spring semester. By the end of summer I was exhausted, constantly studying and worried about the next assignment. I was worn out; I decided to take a small trip to Deep Creek Park in Maryland with my best friend. I turned off my cell phone, did not get on my laptop, nothing. We drove to the creek, rented a cabin and enjoyed the beautiful scenery. It felt amazing to not always be on the run. I was able to just relax and enjoy the scenery. I felt that because my mind was relaxing I was able to appreciate the beauty in God’s creations. I am aware that God’s creations are everywhere but I notice that because I am always so busy there are times that I don’t realize it. This mini trip into nature helped me realize how abundant God’s creations are.
I think in order to have a successful day of relaxation a person should appreciate the basic gifts of life. When a person realizes the gift in simplicity than I think it calms and relaxes a person. Along with noticing the beauty in nature I was able to appreciate my friendship. I had a good time with my friend. On our way back I made sure to call my parents. This trip made me appreciate the simple creations of nature. The trip reminded me to call my parents and just appreciate my relationship with my family because they are the ones that helped create me. The effect a few days of relaxation had on me was amazing. Once I returned from my trip I was much more productive and able to do better work because my mind and body had a few days of relaxation to enjoy the beauties of life.
In conclusion whether a person is a Jew, religious, or not religious a day of relaxation is necessary. This day of relaxation is almost like a person is resetting their clock, resetting to relax and recharge a person. This allows a person to do better when they return back to work or school.
Journal 6
Journal 6
I believe that everything that has occurred in history has been influenced by religion in some shape or form. Everything that has occurred in history is not necessarily done in the name of religion but somehow God has played a role. For example in the Crusades was war between Christians. The Holocaust was persecution of Jews. The current wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, although they are not wars against a certain religion, often times religion is mentioned. These are just a few examples of how human history is holy.
When I look back at history one thing that stands out to me as sacred is the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages was a time when the Christian church played a major role in the culture of Eastern and Western Europe. Christianity was dividing at this time in the different countries (Hopfe & Woodward 2009). It is obvious that this is an even that the humans encountered God, depending on how each individual encountered God he or she would stand up for a different view. During this time, people like John Calvin and Martin Luther stood up for their beliefs. The two men would try to get their point across to their fellow Christians. Luther is founder of the Protestant Reformation and
2
Calvin helped Reform the Church (Hopfe & Woodward 2009). This event is a perfect example of how God is present in history.
In my personal life events that I believe are sacred and holy are the birth of my baby sister. My mother was seven months pregnant when her feet were getting very swollen. No one was home; my father was on a business trip. I was ten years old at this time. I was busy playing on my XBOX in the basement. My mom called my name and told me she was not feeling well and I should call my aunt. I called my aunt so she could come over.
When she came over she looked at my mom’s feet and they were so big that she could not put on her shoes. My mom and aunt were worried about the baby, we immediately took her to the hospital. When my mom got to the hospital the doctor said if we had reached the hospital five minutes later my sister would not have made it. There was not oxygen going to the baby and it was causing medical problems with my mom.
My sister was born one hour later and she was two pounds. She was premature; her lungs had still not developed completely. She could fit in the palm of your hand. After three months at the hospital, she came home. My baby sister is a happy, healthy teenager now. That was one of the scariest things I have been through and I view that as truly a holy and sacred moment in my life.
I believe that everything that has occurred in history has been influenced by religion in some shape or form. Everything that has occurred in history is not necessarily done in the name of religion but somehow God has played a role. For example in the Crusades was war between Christians. The Holocaust was persecution of Jews. The current wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, although they are not wars against a certain religion, often times religion is mentioned. These are just a few examples of how human history is holy.
When I look back at history one thing that stands out to me as sacred is the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages was a time when the Christian church played a major role in the culture of Eastern and Western Europe. Christianity was dividing at this time in the different countries (Hopfe & Woodward 2009). It is obvious that this is an even that the humans encountered God, depending on how each individual encountered God he or she would stand up for a different view. During this time, people like John Calvin and Martin Luther stood up for their beliefs. The two men would try to get their point across to their fellow Christians. Luther is founder of the Protestant Reformation and
2
Calvin helped Reform the Church (Hopfe & Woodward 2009). This event is a perfect example of how God is present in history.
In my personal life events that I believe are sacred and holy are the birth of my baby sister. My mother was seven months pregnant when her feet were getting very swollen. No one was home; my father was on a business trip. I was ten years old at this time. I was busy playing on my XBOX in the basement. My mom called my name and told me she was not feeling well and I should call my aunt. I called my aunt so she could come over.
When she came over she looked at my mom’s feet and they were so big that she could not put on her shoes. My mom and aunt were worried about the baby, we immediately took her to the hospital. When my mom got to the hospital the doctor said if we had reached the hospital five minutes later my sister would not have made it. There was not oxygen going to the baby and it was causing medical problems with my mom.
My sister was born one hour later and she was two pounds. She was premature; her lungs had still not developed completely. She could fit in the palm of your hand. After three months at the hospital, she came home. My baby sister is a happy, healthy teenager now. That was one of the scariest things I have been through and I view that as truly a holy and sacred moment in my life.
Journal m
Growing up my family traveled a lot during the summer time. Every summer we would visit my uncle and his family in France. Since I would go every summer I started to make friends with the local children. Besides spending time with my cousins I made friends with a boy name Joseph. Joseph would come spend time with my cousins and I, I would also go to his house and spend time with him and his brothers. Joseph was Jewish. Joseph and I would play every day except for Fridays. I didn’t know why he couldn’t play on Friday’s until he explained Sabbath to me. Sabbath is a day of relaxation for Jews. After a six-day workweek, Jews put aside all things of everyday life, spend time together, and relax. It is a day to recharge to be able to start the new workweek again (Hopfe & Woodward 2009). He told me that on Friday’s he had to spend time with his family, it was a time where all his aunts, uncles, and cousins would come to over to eat. It is similar to the way Friday is seen in Muslim countries. As a kid I didn’t think it was important, I actually thought it wasn’t a good thing because it took away from our play time.
When I became a teenager and started getting older, I started to realize the importance of Joseph spending time with his family. Now I know that Friday spending time with family in
Judaism, is known as Sabbath. It is a day to relax from the busy work week. It is a great idea because in the twenty first century we live extremely busy lives. We rarely have time to see family and friends because everyone is always so busy with everyday life.
I notice that even myself I am usually too busy to see my parents and siblings. I spend my days at university, studying for my classes, and see friends for a short period of time. Each person in family has their own schedule it is hard to coordinate family time. My father said that no matter what we have to spend at least one day a week together. Now every Sunday we spend time together. On the days that I do spend time with family, eating dinner together I feel that I am very relaxed. Also, it gives me something relaxing to look forward too. It is such a simple thing, yet it has such an enormous effect.
During family time I able to appreciate my family, it is truly a gift. My parents were the ones that gave me life; I believe that I should be able to show my appreciation by spending a few hours a week with them. My father is always very appreciative when his children come home to spend time together. My father always Thanks God that we have the opportunity to spend time together. It is a true blessing and I believe that whether you are Jewish or not you should have a day of relaxation.
I notice that not all my friends are able to have a day to spend with family and relax. In order to have a day of relaxation does not mean it is always spending time with family. Not everyone is fortunate to have a close family. The thing that I learned from joseph and realize is very important is in this busy life, no matter what is going on, it is very important to set aside a
day to relax and enjoy life. Once a person is able to relax then they will be more efficient in their everyday life.
When I became a teenager and started getting older, I started to realize the importance of Joseph spending time with his family. Now I know that Friday spending time with family in
Judaism, is known as Sabbath. It is a day to relax from the busy work week. It is a great idea because in the twenty first century we live extremely busy lives. We rarely have time to see family and friends because everyone is always so busy with everyday life.
I notice that even myself I am usually too busy to see my parents and siblings. I spend my days at university, studying for my classes, and see friends for a short period of time. Each person in family has their own schedule it is hard to coordinate family time. My father said that no matter what we have to spend at least one day a week together. Now every Sunday we spend time together. On the days that I do spend time with family, eating dinner together I feel that I am very relaxed. Also, it gives me something relaxing to look forward too. It is such a simple thing, yet it has such an enormous effect.
During family time I able to appreciate my family, it is truly a gift. My parents were the ones that gave me life; I believe that I should be able to show my appreciation by spending a few hours a week with them. My father is always very appreciative when his children come home to spend time together. My father always Thanks God that we have the opportunity to spend time together. It is a true blessing and I believe that whether you are Jewish or not you should have a day of relaxation.
I notice that not all my friends are able to have a day to spend with family and relax. In order to have a day of relaxation does not mean it is always spending time with family. Not everyone is fortunate to have a close family. The thing that I learned from joseph and realize is very important is in this busy life, no matter what is going on, it is very important to set aside a
day to relax and enjoy life. Once a person is able to relax then they will be more efficient in their everyday life.
SCAVENGER VOICE
Learning the word dumpster belong to the Dempster Dumpster Company Eighners propose a capitalization of the word that was lowercased in citation. Anything apart from dumpsters was new and their generic names are not known by any one around. Wino or Hobo corrupt the name and call them Dipsy Dumpster. One year of doing dumpster diving became hopeless. Word scavenging is applicable and using scrounging is always the best when referring to obscure. Heard people connotation to be polite while using the word foraging, which is reserve to the according to season and opportunity for assembling nuts and berries. Lack of athletic ability lowers being a dumpster as true divers should possess to their profitability advantage. It still seems cute. Yes a scavenger live-from-the refuse-of others.
When saving are no more the necessities of life are given by the Dumpster. As a scavenger learn a lot. Urban art is the finding of objects and even respectable employed person will at times find the object in the dumpster. Eating from the trash is what differentiates the dilettanti and the professionals. When eating from the dumpsters need to have a sense and common sense to be able to examine the conditions of the food. Check regularly and know the dumpster of the area and always ask yourself why this was discarded.
Divers always know food is discarded for reason yet dumpsters have perfect good food like canned goods. Las Eighner grants “ all expect the most phobic people would be willing to eat from a can, even if it came from a Dumpster”. Botulism is a possibility with the modern methods of canning, rarely to other food poisoning harm the health of a person. Botulism is fatal and death is always the first symptom. Botulism can occur to both can in pantry shelves and dumpsters making home-canned goods too risky.
Companions from- time-to –time always ask whether crackers are safe. Having no special knowledge and always wrong before makes the question to really irritate. Since knows sources of the food makes the assumption that the responsibility of what enters is assign else where. Food found in a dumpster appearance evaluation can be done but beyond this need additional information. Dumpster behind a pizza delivery shop where the closing time was familiar made it possible to scavenge the pizza.
Pizza shop operates with orders which at times customer decline this inventory is usually ion the bases of number of boxes. This makes the only boxed pizza to exist. Thought of being the only scavenger in this dumpster since the supply of pizzas by bogus order was done by others. Visiting and knowing the dumpster is always advantageous since can access the pizzas and able to disgust fresh pizzas. After people in the shop become suspious and stop disposing the pizzas.
Wealthy college student are the inhibitors of this area. In this environment Lars Eighners is narrating that he is not here by chance. Rich dumpster is the ones in this area. These students throw many things at the end of semester, after and before breaks and midterm. Advantageous of the scavenger is to know the timetable. During breaks food is basically thrown since student do not know whether they will find the food after the break. Lars Eighner reveals that “since its daddy’s money, students decide not to take chances. In this area scavenger need not to ask why was this discarded? Since is out of wastefulness, ignorance and carelessness is among the waste can get good items. Out of ignorance student do through away food seal food on the bases of the expiring date which is any advantage to the scavenger since some sealed can still be safe for a few more days.
Dumpster can also collect spirits, drugs and pornography when they expect their parents and inspection. Divers will consider it a boon to find the spirits and juice mixed with rum. Scavengers will find it not their idea of good time to be intoxicated in a public place during the day. Heard of people who have no experience with the dumpsters and possess vivid imaginations contaminate discarded food and handouts. Being a native Texan made it effortless for pizza shop to discard garbage during the day and jalapenos showing up when pizza is thrown out.
Dumpster diving has its life drawbacks. Dysentery will still get a diver no matter ho carefully he becomes. Learning scavenging involves a series of predictable that have to be learnt. At the initial stage scavenger encounters and experiences stick to the mind. This stage passes with experience. After sometime dumpster shyness begins to dissolve and starts to pick repairable devices. Dumpster is always full of things that are that are of potential value and others which are interesting but have no intrinsic value. Lars Eighner claims that “just hate to see food go to waste and so I eat much more than I should” This therefore makes scavenger gain a lot of weight and have the obsession of collecting useless items. Attending to scavenger with diligence will make them yield to a livelihood and reduce the congestation in good finds areas.
When saving are no more the necessities of life are given by the Dumpster. As a scavenger learn a lot. Urban art is the finding of objects and even respectable employed person will at times find the object in the dumpster. Eating from the trash is what differentiates the dilettanti and the professionals. When eating from the dumpsters need to have a sense and common sense to be able to examine the conditions of the food. Check regularly and know the dumpster of the area and always ask yourself why this was discarded.
Divers always know food is discarded for reason yet dumpsters have perfect good food like canned goods. Las Eighner grants “ all expect the most phobic people would be willing to eat from a can, even if it came from a Dumpster”. Botulism is a possibility with the modern methods of canning, rarely to other food poisoning harm the health of a person. Botulism is fatal and death is always the first symptom. Botulism can occur to both can in pantry shelves and dumpsters making home-canned goods too risky.
Companions from- time-to –time always ask whether crackers are safe. Having no special knowledge and always wrong before makes the question to really irritate. Since knows sources of the food makes the assumption that the responsibility of what enters is assign else where. Food found in a dumpster appearance evaluation can be done but beyond this need additional information. Dumpster behind a pizza delivery shop where the closing time was familiar made it possible to scavenge the pizza.
Pizza shop operates with orders which at times customer decline this inventory is usually ion the bases of number of boxes. This makes the only boxed pizza to exist. Thought of being the only scavenger in this dumpster since the supply of pizzas by bogus order was done by others. Visiting and knowing the dumpster is always advantageous since can access the pizzas and able to disgust fresh pizzas. After people in the shop become suspious and stop disposing the pizzas.
Wealthy college student are the inhibitors of this area. In this environment Lars Eighners is narrating that he is not here by chance. Rich dumpster is the ones in this area. These students throw many things at the end of semester, after and before breaks and midterm. Advantageous of the scavenger is to know the timetable. During breaks food is basically thrown since student do not know whether they will find the food after the break. Lars Eighner reveals that “since its daddy’s money, students decide not to take chances. In this area scavenger need not to ask why was this discarded? Since is out of wastefulness, ignorance and carelessness is among the waste can get good items. Out of ignorance student do through away food seal food on the bases of the expiring date which is any advantage to the scavenger since some sealed can still be safe for a few more days.
Dumpster can also collect spirits, drugs and pornography when they expect their parents and inspection. Divers will consider it a boon to find the spirits and juice mixed with rum. Scavengers will find it not their idea of good time to be intoxicated in a public place during the day. Heard of people who have no experience with the dumpsters and possess vivid imaginations contaminate discarded food and handouts. Being a native Texan made it effortless for pizza shop to discard garbage during the day and jalapenos showing up when pizza is thrown out.
Dumpster diving has its life drawbacks. Dysentery will still get a diver no matter ho carefully he becomes. Learning scavenging involves a series of predictable that have to be learnt. At the initial stage scavenger encounters and experiences stick to the mind. This stage passes with experience. After sometime dumpster shyness begins to dissolve and starts to pick repairable devices. Dumpster is always full of things that are that are of potential value and others which are interesting but have no intrinsic value. Lars Eighner claims that “just hate to see food go to waste and so I eat much more than I should” This therefore makes scavenger gain a lot of weight and have the obsession of collecting useless items. Attending to scavenger with diligence will make them yield to a livelihood and reduce the congestation in good finds areas.
Richard Branson and the Virgin Group of Companies in 2007
At the beginning of 2007, there were more than two hundred companies registered in Britain under the name of Virgin brand owned by the Richard Branson. As per virgin website, only 36 of them were dealing with most of the company’s operations. (Grant, p807, 2010).Though there were negative speculations on the overall profit of the company as a whole it’s interesting to study how the company managed to do diversification in businesses run by each of them. From the case study, it is clear that Richard Branson considered cash flow and capital as the critical performance indicator of Virgin group instead of the accounting profits. There were obvious questions raised on the strategic direction of such diversely oriented firms owned by the virgin group (Grant, p807, 2010).
Firstly, this analysis tries to understand the link between so motley connected companies in terms of the resource and capabilities. The Virgin group owns the resources and capabilities in each of these companies even though there is no one single parent company registered to own all of them (Grant, p807, 2010).
The virgin group was listed in NASDAQ for a shorter time but Richard Branson managed to take over all the external shareholders thereby able to convert the company back to a private company (Grant, p809, 2010). All the virgin companies are financed on a stand-alone basis and are funded by internal cash flows and external financing. When running a group of private companies, seeking long-term capital growth is the best approach (Grant, p807, 2010). Richard Branson clearly identifies this as the strategy of the company and he is successful in achieving such results. This is an organizational capability that virgin group is having. As mentioned in the case study, Mr. Branson and team are able to fund one business from the profit of the other and this may not have been possible in the case of public company because of the regulations in place. Such resource and capabilities are the primary determinants of a firm’s strategy and performance (Grant, p122, 2010). Virgin brand extends from train travel and financial services to nightclubs and music downloads. Few brands encompass such a wide range of products. The brand Virgin is one of the greatest assets the company has and Richard Branson is able to launch new ventures under the same brand there by adding brand equity to the new one.
Based on the company annual reports (Grant, p821, 2010) Virgin rail group holdings generate a very minimum net profit when compared to the total revenue it generates. This would mean there is a high operating cost involved in running this firm. Forty-nine percentage of stake of this company belongs to Stagecoach. Richard Branson may need to consider further divest in Virgin rail to avoid future losses. When there are many companies making good profit and the others making loss a strategic approach to divest and invest needs to be carried out. Divestment provides capital to support new business ventures (Grant, p809, 2010). The large number of companies under Virgin elevates the risks involved and divestment strategy can help to avoid risks. However, this should not be by not giving a firm an opportunity for investment. The case study is not giving enough details to find out the rate of return of the companies to do selective divestment analysis.
Virgin group operates in market with some common features, where customers are under served, there is confusion or where the competition is contented (Grant, p811, 2010). Is this a selection criterion for Virgin to enter into a diversified market? Once entered Virgin is able to deliver good quality service, value for money, better customer service etc... Grant (2010) cites the diversification decision by firms involves two issues namely, how attractive the new industry would be and how to establish a competitive advantage with in the new industry. One of the major criteria for Branson to consider for diversification is the risk management. Shareholders manage different portfolios to do risk management in their investments. Similarly, managers or company owners like Branson should diversify their business to reduce risks.
Branson need to analyse the shareholder value for diversification decisions. Porter (Grant, p408, 2010) proposes the three “essential tests” to decide whether diversification creates shareholder value (As shown in Figure 1)
Figure -1 Source: www.contemporarystrategyanalysis.com 2010 Robert M. Grant
Branson can make use of the already existing internal capital markets for diversifications. This is an advantage to Virgin group when new diversifications are pursued (Grant, p413, 2010).
As mentioned earlier the financial reporting of Virgin companies is fragmented. Accounting details are not captured from a single holding company point of view. Tracking of financial results is highly complicated in such a scenario. The virgin brand power and Branson’s celebrity status helped Branson to acquire disproportionate equity stakes in the joint ventures (Grant, p819, 2010). In the longer term this poses serious strategic threats for the Virgin group. Its recommended for Branson and his group of companies to address these imbalances in the near future. The examples given in the case shows that there is a need of introducing better financial controls with in the group.
The virgin group provides one of the best places to work, a place where people are motivated to do their best (Grant, p818, 2010). At the same time, Branson sets high expectations from his employees including high level of commitment.
Minimum hierarchy is maintained in the organizational structure, which means short lines of communication and flexible response capability.
The virgin group of companies are controlled by over 20 holding companies. Each of them has its own assets, employees and produces various services (Grant, p816, 2010)
An illustration of the management structure as per the case is as shown the figure-2.
Figure-2
There are legal complexities involved in the management structure of Virgin group. So many chains of companies are in the hierarchy of owning the business and this loose-knit management structure is less transparent from outside. This type of structure is not advisable for any growing company, as the companies involved can adopt no centralized strategic decisions. Richard Branson may need to revisit his unconventional ideas of the current management structure.
Firstly, this analysis tries to understand the link between so motley connected companies in terms of the resource and capabilities. The Virgin group owns the resources and capabilities in each of these companies even though there is no one single parent company registered to own all of them (Grant, p807, 2010).
The virgin group was listed in NASDAQ for a shorter time but Richard Branson managed to take over all the external shareholders thereby able to convert the company back to a private company (Grant, p809, 2010). All the virgin companies are financed on a stand-alone basis and are funded by internal cash flows and external financing. When running a group of private companies, seeking long-term capital growth is the best approach (Grant, p807, 2010). Richard Branson clearly identifies this as the strategy of the company and he is successful in achieving such results. This is an organizational capability that virgin group is having. As mentioned in the case study, Mr. Branson and team are able to fund one business from the profit of the other and this may not have been possible in the case of public company because of the regulations in place. Such resource and capabilities are the primary determinants of a firm’s strategy and performance (Grant, p122, 2010). Virgin brand extends from train travel and financial services to nightclubs and music downloads. Few brands encompass such a wide range of products. The brand Virgin is one of the greatest assets the company has and Richard Branson is able to launch new ventures under the same brand there by adding brand equity to the new one.
Based on the company annual reports (Grant, p821, 2010) Virgin rail group holdings generate a very minimum net profit when compared to the total revenue it generates. This would mean there is a high operating cost involved in running this firm. Forty-nine percentage of stake of this company belongs to Stagecoach. Richard Branson may need to consider further divest in Virgin rail to avoid future losses. When there are many companies making good profit and the others making loss a strategic approach to divest and invest needs to be carried out. Divestment provides capital to support new business ventures (Grant, p809, 2010). The large number of companies under Virgin elevates the risks involved and divestment strategy can help to avoid risks. However, this should not be by not giving a firm an opportunity for investment. The case study is not giving enough details to find out the rate of return of the companies to do selective divestment analysis.
Virgin group operates in market with some common features, where customers are under served, there is confusion or where the competition is contented (Grant, p811, 2010). Is this a selection criterion for Virgin to enter into a diversified market? Once entered Virgin is able to deliver good quality service, value for money, better customer service etc... Grant (2010) cites the diversification decision by firms involves two issues namely, how attractive the new industry would be and how to establish a competitive advantage with in the new industry. One of the major criteria for Branson to consider for diversification is the risk management. Shareholders manage different portfolios to do risk management in their investments. Similarly, managers or company owners like Branson should diversify their business to reduce risks.
Branson need to analyse the shareholder value for diversification decisions. Porter (Grant, p408, 2010) proposes the three “essential tests” to decide whether diversification creates shareholder value (As shown in Figure 1)
Figure -1 Source: www.contemporarystrategyanalysis.com 2010 Robert M. Grant
Branson can make use of the already existing internal capital markets for diversifications. This is an advantage to Virgin group when new diversifications are pursued (Grant, p413, 2010).
As mentioned earlier the financial reporting of Virgin companies is fragmented. Accounting details are not captured from a single holding company point of view. Tracking of financial results is highly complicated in such a scenario. The virgin brand power and Branson’s celebrity status helped Branson to acquire disproportionate equity stakes in the joint ventures (Grant, p819, 2010). In the longer term this poses serious strategic threats for the Virgin group. Its recommended for Branson and his group of companies to address these imbalances in the near future. The examples given in the case shows that there is a need of introducing better financial controls with in the group.
The virgin group provides one of the best places to work, a place where people are motivated to do their best (Grant, p818, 2010). At the same time, Branson sets high expectations from his employees including high level of commitment.
Minimum hierarchy is maintained in the organizational structure, which means short lines of communication and flexible response capability.
The virgin group of companies are controlled by over 20 holding companies. Each of them has its own assets, employees and produces various services (Grant, p816, 2010)
An illustration of the management structure as per the case is as shown the figure-2.
Figure-2
There are legal complexities involved in the management structure of Virgin group. So many chains of companies are in the hierarchy of owning the business and this loose-knit management structure is less transparent from outside. This type of structure is not advisable for any growing company, as the companies involved can adopt no centralized strategic decisions. Richard Branson may need to revisit his unconventional ideas of the current management structure.
biographical memoir of daniel boone, the first settler of kentucky. author Timothy Flint.
Over the course of this History class I have learned many things about the settlement of Kentucky, as well as those individuals who were responsible, our forefathers. Colonel Daniel Boone, with his many wild adventures, is the one man who has garnered most of my interest as I have learned about the history of Kentucky, which is why I chose to review his biographical memoir. Timothy Flint had the honor of speaking with the “Patriarch of Backwoods Pioneers,” in addition to others who knew him personally, to gain a firsthand view of his wanderings, captivities, and escapes. He then wrote an impeccable biography of Boone’s journey throughout his adulthood…”on foot and alone, with no companion but his dog, and no friend but his rifle, making his way over trackless and unnamed mountains, and immeasurable forests, until he explores the flowering wilderness of Kentucky” (preface), with detail vivid enough that the reader can clearly envision in one’s mind the tale as it unfolds.
Flint, knowing well that Boone, like many other important men felt during that time, had no interest in recording his own accomplishments, was compelled to tell the tale of Boone’s life work. Beginning from the time that he was just a boy, Flint explains that it became evident that he possessed a peculiar hunting ability that became an absorbing passion for him; that, to anyone’s knowledge, had not been genetically passed to him nor taught to him by his ancestors. By the age of 14, this instinct that had by then ingrained into him, enabled him to hunt any game, including bears and panthers. Flint has described Boone’s struggles, sacrifices, and loss along the way, such as being captured and then escaping from the Indians, the ongoing war’s with the Indians leading to the attack of Boonesborough and the Battle of Blue Lick, the passing of his children and later his wife. Flint also describes a deep admiration, felt by the author and all who ever knew him, for his unique expertise, strength, and perseverance throughout his life that ultimately led to the settlement of this great state. The final chapters outline his later years; losing his land by a court ruling, resulting in an eventual retirement to Missouri with his family, and then finally his death at the age of 84 in the year 1818.
Timothy Flint, a Harvard graduate, was a pioneer himself, as well as a missionary prior to and during the period he became a highly accomplished editor and author in the 19th century. From 1826-1833, Flint had published four books in all about frontier life, and he served as editor and coeditor for two literary magazines from as late as 1834 until he became too ill to continue. The Biographical Memoir of Daniel Boone was written and entered according to an act of Congress in 1833, and there have been four editions published. However, the content has remained the same, and in fact, the edition of the book I have read looks as if the pages and pictures from the original book were simply copied and reprinted for this publication. Not all of the words in the book are legible to read, and it is written by Flint in the formal way in which they spoke during that time. However, his entertaining style of writing with such vivid description certainly makes up for that.
Overall, I have thoroughly enjoyed this book by Timothy Flint. His purpose for the book was to capture the essence of one of Kentucky’s greatest forefathers, and share with his readers the lifelong journey of the first settler of this state. I love to learn about people, and when I run across interesting memoirs about people who have led such extraordinary lives, such as Daniel Boone did, it makes it really hard to set the book down. I couldn’t wait to read through one tale and then to the next, and I was actually saddened for it to come to an end. I am not a history buff, but I think anyone who is would find this autobiography very captivating, as equally as any individual who may not necessarily love history, but who just loves to read about interesting people.
Flint, knowing well that Boone, like many other important men felt during that time, had no interest in recording his own accomplishments, was compelled to tell the tale of Boone’s life work. Beginning from the time that he was just a boy, Flint explains that it became evident that he possessed a peculiar hunting ability that became an absorbing passion for him; that, to anyone’s knowledge, had not been genetically passed to him nor taught to him by his ancestors. By the age of 14, this instinct that had by then ingrained into him, enabled him to hunt any game, including bears and panthers. Flint has described Boone’s struggles, sacrifices, and loss along the way, such as being captured and then escaping from the Indians, the ongoing war’s with the Indians leading to the attack of Boonesborough and the Battle of Blue Lick, the passing of his children and later his wife. Flint also describes a deep admiration, felt by the author and all who ever knew him, for his unique expertise, strength, and perseverance throughout his life that ultimately led to the settlement of this great state. The final chapters outline his later years; losing his land by a court ruling, resulting in an eventual retirement to Missouri with his family, and then finally his death at the age of 84 in the year 1818.
Timothy Flint, a Harvard graduate, was a pioneer himself, as well as a missionary prior to and during the period he became a highly accomplished editor and author in the 19th century. From 1826-1833, Flint had published four books in all about frontier life, and he served as editor and coeditor for two literary magazines from as late as 1834 until he became too ill to continue. The Biographical Memoir of Daniel Boone was written and entered according to an act of Congress in 1833, and there have been four editions published. However, the content has remained the same, and in fact, the edition of the book I have read looks as if the pages and pictures from the original book were simply copied and reprinted for this publication. Not all of the words in the book are legible to read, and it is written by Flint in the formal way in which they spoke during that time. However, his entertaining style of writing with such vivid description certainly makes up for that.
Overall, I have thoroughly enjoyed this book by Timothy Flint. His purpose for the book was to capture the essence of one of Kentucky’s greatest forefathers, and share with his readers the lifelong journey of the first settler of this state. I love to learn about people, and when I run across interesting memoirs about people who have led such extraordinary lives, such as Daniel Boone did, it makes it really hard to set the book down. I couldn’t wait to read through one tale and then to the next, and I was actually saddened for it to come to an end. I am not a history buff, but I think anyone who is would find this autobiography very captivating, as equally as any individual who may not necessarily love history, but who just loves to read about interesting people.
Writer's choice
Youth psychology and philosophy have contributed to the general appreciation of the role of youth behavior, relevant social processes and the impact that they have to the entire society. In terms of behavior and expression of the youth way of life, there are distinct social identities and patterns followed by the youth to depict their position in the society in a unique way. The respective expressions identify the youth with the psychological attachment of youthful defiance to conventional culture that is dominant in the existing society. Through youth studies, accommodation of the youth based on the acknowledgment of the personality crisis almost always leaves the radical behaviors unquestioned. However, there is a general agreement that defiance characterizes the subculture established and thriving among the youth.
Social studies have been conducted to reveal the mechanisms of formation and sustenance of the apparent radical behavior among the youth, usually classified under subculture studies and theories. To this end, the origins, resilience as well as the eventual death of the subcultures are given many perspectives in an attempt to define the social phenomena featured by youth behavior. As an illustration, engendering of a particular style depicting some form of identity with the group is always explained in many theories. Criminal gangs may also be formed for purses of reputation which also boosts gang identity (Silverman, 2002, p10). This element of the studies reveals the role of behavior in creation, recreation and sustenance specific style and identity.
Gender aspects of culture can be used to describe the defiance that a majority of youth subcultures manifest, usually creating discord from the cultural perspectives of the society. Deviation from generally accepted norms is seen as an insult among the conservative followers of a particular culture, which results in resistance of the radicalism introduced by the youth. Young women under the influence of the subculture hype will for instance defy the generally culturally and morally accepted behavior and norms. The diagnosis of the existence and spread of subcultural identities among the youth was initially left to economics of patterns of consumption behaviors among the youth.
Postculturalism and theories explain the mechanism of style established from weird youth consumer behavior that thrives with time amounting to a subculture that the followers identify with. To explain the impact of such phenomena as attachment to certain form of music can be attributed to the creation of a culture among the youth. Street gangs are equally formed and sustained through identity seeking agenda usually fueled by some sort of resistance to conventional and dominant culture (Ferrell, 1995, p26). Major contributions have been made by; Robert Park, Paul Cressey and Milton Cordon among others. Some of the theorists explain the phenomena in various perspectives as illustrated below in the case of Cohen, Hebdige and Willis.
Youth subcultures are as a result of regroupings to formulate solutions to commonly shared problems by various youthful individuals experiencing some form of cultural pressure. Cohen reckons that subcultures assist the youths to launch a resistance to pressures of undesirable economic, ideological and conventional dominant cultural expectations on the youth. By tracing the establishment of subcultures from East End of London where the youth launched reactions against the working class mentality, the theorist creates a common identity ground for a particular group of young people (Gelder, 1997, p175). A predominant concept of the existence of two conflicting pressure factors is built in the presentation of subculture thoughts as developed by Cohen. As a result of the acknowledgment of the identity crisis that the youth experiencing such social pressure to warrant reaction in form of sub-culture, Cohen reckons that there are two main forces of confusion that fuel the identity seeking spree. On one hand, freedom from parental care is a common front from all the youth and young adults who feel that the parents need to back off from their personal and private life. To this end, subcultures emerge to facilitate the sense of identity with autonomy from parental surveillance. On the other hand, there is need for the subculture to facilitate the contradictory sense of belonging and identity with the same parental association. Apparently, while there is need to express the demands of autonomy, there is an equal magnitude of drive to retain ties with the parental figure due to the importance of the social role played by parents in their life.
The most outstanding diagnostic feature of the youth subculture is the presence of a unique style usually demonstrated in some form of uniformity expression such as clothing. Hebdige reckons that the establishment of style as represented through art, language, literature as well as dressing works for the manifestation of the specific subculture (Gelder, 1997, p177). Creativity is a strong element in the creation of a specific youth defiance manifestation where the actual identity sought is captured in the apparent artful expression. Aesthetic touch of every aspect that characterizes the subculture usually carries certain defiant message as generally accepted across the group professing the ideology. The theorist argues that there are all manners of expression of signs of forbidden identity in the aesthetic culture that eventually thrives and becomes a subculture. The captivating element of the aesthetic touch of the identity practices moves the youth who take part in the sustenance of the subculture, usually defying certain tenets of the society as known by the elder generations. To this end, the theorist paints the nature of the youth subcultures as symbolic identity outfits that the youth use to manifest their displeasure with certain social and cultural practices that appear to deny them the explorative freedom that so much desire (Hebdige, 1979, p113). The energy full group of youths therefore follows innovative expressions that they identify with as the most fashionable style of the day, depicting the culture with which they are at war with as old-fashioned and outdated.
Alternatively, theories of subculture paint the particular expression of defiance to be an important tool to explore and experiment on the gender superiority. The explanation of the apparent attachment of gender superiority is approached from a clear dichotomy of the differences painted by subcultures between normal and deviant attention. As an illustration, there is a superiority war on masculinity among young men in a subculture where the defiant class and the conservative class are differentiated by the terms lads and earoles (Gelder, 1997, p179). On one hand, the theorist proposes that the radicalism professed by the defiant group results in a rebellion represented by the lads, usually casing trouble for the state policy of schooling. On the other hand, there is the subtle approach from the less violent earoles that don’t pose a threat to state schooling policy. On measure of masculinity expressions championed by the lads, there is increased need for application of subcultural origins of relevant behavior among the young men presented by a particular cohort. Taking note of the same wars among girls and young women caught up in the subculture expression, there is some level of femininity that is manifested in various ways particularly in identity seeking fashion. It does not matter to the subculture professing group on whether there will be reaction from the society which may begin from conflicts with the parents on dressing and other accessories that defy norms. It therefore appears that despite the relatively less explorative nature of girls when compare with boys on subculture aspects, there is deep femininity war that thrives among them. In general, however, there is enough vigor among the young women to amount to subculture thriving and surviving for a considerable duration of time.
Phil Cohen’s position on the origin and establishment of subculture among the youth, particularly the young working classes is perhaps one of the most celebrated perspectives that subcultural conflicts have today. Earlier studies failed to explain the attachment of youth subcultures with style, which is clearly centrally placed in his postulation. Imaginary transformations of the youth society augur well with the apparent need to link style with the continued innovativeness among the youth as observed by many other theorists. This position coincides well with the explanation sought in this discourse on why young women find themselves embedded on a cultural confrontation through their desired lifestyle dictated by their expressions of autonomy.
In a different perspective, it would be naïve to assume that the social changes going through the young women’s expression does not represent some form of communication, whether rebellious or not. A closer look at the origin of the theorists’ explanation of subcultures demonstrates attachment of lifestyles to the dominant expression of a disturbing environment that the youth would rise against in a rather peaceful manner (Muggleton, 2000, p53). It is important to realize that the youth undergo various challenges in the establishment of their identity, which attracts authority when a common channel is applied in a joint rebellion. When compared to the psychological and physiological developments experienced in teenage and adolescent stage of their development, the youth find many obstacles against their complete autonomy which leads to confusion and mixed feelings about confrontation of the stumbling blocks. A little more advancement into the mid-life is usually faced with serious identity crisis that always results in exploration for the correct positioning. In the case of a subculture, the youth find a peaceful way to express their displeasure to the unpleasant systems.
There are several variants of youth subcultures in every community. The spirited willingness to continue defiance of social norms is not expressly measurable since subcultures emerge and subside in different versions. To sustain each of the variants depends largely on the nature of the common challenge that the particular youth group is experiencing. It is perhaps more important to understand the setting in which the particular youth are in to project the trajectories of extent to which sustenance effort can reach. Besides, there is need to learn the actual challenges affecting the particular group to estimate the reaction to be forged (Keyes, 2002, p304). Rebellion through art, music and gang life among many other fashionable lifestyles offer solace to the autonomy and identity seeking group of young people. Realization by a few young people that they can associate and feel some sense of identity leads to subscription in form of professing to the respective styles. In view of this discourse, it is apparent that young women will be caught in the middle of these developments and respond to the stylish model of behavior which is almost certainly at cross roads with the traditionally accepted norms.
As briefly mentioned above, style in a youth subculture may take several forms such as music, dressing, gang forming, slang and dialects among many more. Following the media is also a style among many subcultures, where the stylistic expression is favored in place of political rebellion (Muggleton, 2000, p53). One common thing as most theorists reckon is the use of artistic coining of style expressed through
Social studies have been conducted to reveal the mechanisms of formation and sustenance of the apparent radical behavior among the youth, usually classified under subculture studies and theories. To this end, the origins, resilience as well as the eventual death of the subcultures are given many perspectives in an attempt to define the social phenomena featured by youth behavior. As an illustration, engendering of a particular style depicting some form of identity with the group is always explained in many theories. Criminal gangs may also be formed for purses of reputation which also boosts gang identity (Silverman, 2002, p10). This element of the studies reveals the role of behavior in creation, recreation and sustenance specific style and identity.
Gender aspects of culture can be used to describe the defiance that a majority of youth subcultures manifest, usually creating discord from the cultural perspectives of the society. Deviation from generally accepted norms is seen as an insult among the conservative followers of a particular culture, which results in resistance of the radicalism introduced by the youth. Young women under the influence of the subculture hype will for instance defy the generally culturally and morally accepted behavior and norms. The diagnosis of the existence and spread of subcultural identities among the youth was initially left to economics of patterns of consumption behaviors among the youth.
Postculturalism and theories explain the mechanism of style established from weird youth consumer behavior that thrives with time amounting to a subculture that the followers identify with. To explain the impact of such phenomena as attachment to certain form of music can be attributed to the creation of a culture among the youth. Street gangs are equally formed and sustained through identity seeking agenda usually fueled by some sort of resistance to conventional and dominant culture (Ferrell, 1995, p26). Major contributions have been made by; Robert Park, Paul Cressey and Milton Cordon among others. Some of the theorists explain the phenomena in various perspectives as illustrated below in the case of Cohen, Hebdige and Willis.
Youth subcultures are as a result of regroupings to formulate solutions to commonly shared problems by various youthful individuals experiencing some form of cultural pressure. Cohen reckons that subcultures assist the youths to launch a resistance to pressures of undesirable economic, ideological and conventional dominant cultural expectations on the youth. By tracing the establishment of subcultures from East End of London where the youth launched reactions against the working class mentality, the theorist creates a common identity ground for a particular group of young people (Gelder, 1997, p175). A predominant concept of the existence of two conflicting pressure factors is built in the presentation of subculture thoughts as developed by Cohen. As a result of the acknowledgment of the identity crisis that the youth experiencing such social pressure to warrant reaction in form of sub-culture, Cohen reckons that there are two main forces of confusion that fuel the identity seeking spree. On one hand, freedom from parental care is a common front from all the youth and young adults who feel that the parents need to back off from their personal and private life. To this end, subcultures emerge to facilitate the sense of identity with autonomy from parental surveillance. On the other hand, there is need for the subculture to facilitate the contradictory sense of belonging and identity with the same parental association. Apparently, while there is need to express the demands of autonomy, there is an equal magnitude of drive to retain ties with the parental figure due to the importance of the social role played by parents in their life.
The most outstanding diagnostic feature of the youth subculture is the presence of a unique style usually demonstrated in some form of uniformity expression such as clothing. Hebdige reckons that the establishment of style as represented through art, language, literature as well as dressing works for the manifestation of the specific subculture (Gelder, 1997, p177). Creativity is a strong element in the creation of a specific youth defiance manifestation where the actual identity sought is captured in the apparent artful expression. Aesthetic touch of every aspect that characterizes the subculture usually carries certain defiant message as generally accepted across the group professing the ideology. The theorist argues that there are all manners of expression of signs of forbidden identity in the aesthetic culture that eventually thrives and becomes a subculture. The captivating element of the aesthetic touch of the identity practices moves the youth who take part in the sustenance of the subculture, usually defying certain tenets of the society as known by the elder generations. To this end, the theorist paints the nature of the youth subcultures as symbolic identity outfits that the youth use to manifest their displeasure with certain social and cultural practices that appear to deny them the explorative freedom that so much desire (Hebdige, 1979, p113). The energy full group of youths therefore follows innovative expressions that they identify with as the most fashionable style of the day, depicting the culture with which they are at war with as old-fashioned and outdated.
Alternatively, theories of subculture paint the particular expression of defiance to be an important tool to explore and experiment on the gender superiority. The explanation of the apparent attachment of gender superiority is approached from a clear dichotomy of the differences painted by subcultures between normal and deviant attention. As an illustration, there is a superiority war on masculinity among young men in a subculture where the defiant class and the conservative class are differentiated by the terms lads and earoles (Gelder, 1997, p179). On one hand, the theorist proposes that the radicalism professed by the defiant group results in a rebellion represented by the lads, usually casing trouble for the state policy of schooling. On the other hand, there is the subtle approach from the less violent earoles that don’t pose a threat to state schooling policy. On measure of masculinity expressions championed by the lads, there is increased need for application of subcultural origins of relevant behavior among the young men presented by a particular cohort. Taking note of the same wars among girls and young women caught up in the subculture expression, there is some level of femininity that is manifested in various ways particularly in identity seeking fashion. It does not matter to the subculture professing group on whether there will be reaction from the society which may begin from conflicts with the parents on dressing and other accessories that defy norms. It therefore appears that despite the relatively less explorative nature of girls when compare with boys on subculture aspects, there is deep femininity war that thrives among them. In general, however, there is enough vigor among the young women to amount to subculture thriving and surviving for a considerable duration of time.
Phil Cohen’s position on the origin and establishment of subculture among the youth, particularly the young working classes is perhaps one of the most celebrated perspectives that subcultural conflicts have today. Earlier studies failed to explain the attachment of youth subcultures with style, which is clearly centrally placed in his postulation. Imaginary transformations of the youth society augur well with the apparent need to link style with the continued innovativeness among the youth as observed by many other theorists. This position coincides well with the explanation sought in this discourse on why young women find themselves embedded on a cultural confrontation through their desired lifestyle dictated by their expressions of autonomy.
In a different perspective, it would be naïve to assume that the social changes going through the young women’s expression does not represent some form of communication, whether rebellious or not. A closer look at the origin of the theorists’ explanation of subcultures demonstrates attachment of lifestyles to the dominant expression of a disturbing environment that the youth would rise against in a rather peaceful manner (Muggleton, 2000, p53). It is important to realize that the youth undergo various challenges in the establishment of their identity, which attracts authority when a common channel is applied in a joint rebellion. When compared to the psychological and physiological developments experienced in teenage and adolescent stage of their development, the youth find many obstacles against their complete autonomy which leads to confusion and mixed feelings about confrontation of the stumbling blocks. A little more advancement into the mid-life is usually faced with serious identity crisis that always results in exploration for the correct positioning. In the case of a subculture, the youth find a peaceful way to express their displeasure to the unpleasant systems.
There are several variants of youth subcultures in every community. The spirited willingness to continue defiance of social norms is not expressly measurable since subcultures emerge and subside in different versions. To sustain each of the variants depends largely on the nature of the common challenge that the particular youth group is experiencing. It is perhaps more important to understand the setting in which the particular youth are in to project the trajectories of extent to which sustenance effort can reach. Besides, there is need to learn the actual challenges affecting the particular group to estimate the reaction to be forged (Keyes, 2002, p304). Rebellion through art, music and gang life among many other fashionable lifestyles offer solace to the autonomy and identity seeking group of young people. Realization by a few young people that they can associate and feel some sense of identity leads to subscription in form of professing to the respective styles. In view of this discourse, it is apparent that young women will be caught in the middle of these developments and respond to the stylish model of behavior which is almost certainly at cross roads with the traditionally accepted norms.
As briefly mentioned above, style in a youth subculture may take several forms such as music, dressing, gang forming, slang and dialects among many more. Following the media is also a style among many subcultures, where the stylistic expression is favored in place of political rebellion (Muggleton, 2000, p53). One common thing as most theorists reckon is the use of artistic coining of style expressed through
cell phones: should they be allowed in schools?
Introduction
I. Cell phones use in schools has advantages and disadvantages.
Thesis Statement
In spite of the advantages of cell phones, it's has a lot of negative sides that leads to cause distraction during the class, cheating in tests, and students will message each other most of the time during class.
Body
II. Cell phones cause distraction during the class.
A. Students can send images and songs.
1. Students will not concentrate and can't listen to the teacher.
2. Students will get lower marks.
B. Phones may ring during the class time.
III. Students can use the cell phones as a cheating device in tests.
A. Students can take pictures from the book for cheating purposes.
1. Using Bluetooth to send the pictures for their friends.
B. Students can save a document files.
1. Students can save files such as review questions or other important papers that the teacher gave it to them.
2. Cell phones can save notes in a text messages and send them to each others.
IV. During the class time students can send messages.
A. Instead of talking they can text each other by messaging.
B. Students get inclined into the habit of writing in short forms, which leads them not to be able to put the right spelling on paper.
V. Refutation
Most parents disagree to let their children take their cell phones in schools because they know its cause a lot of bad habits and their children will get lower marks. It's important for the children to know that it's a place to learn for 5 hours daily and they should know also that there is time for playing and other times to be responsible.
VI. Conclusion
To conclude, using cell phones in schools has a lot of discussions between to be allowed or not to be allowed. In my opinion, I'm disagree of using it in schools because it's become an addictive device that children and older people cannot live without it.
I. Cell phones use in schools has advantages and disadvantages.
Thesis Statement
In spite of the advantages of cell phones, it's has a lot of negative sides that leads to cause distraction during the class, cheating in tests, and students will message each other most of the time during class.
Body
II. Cell phones cause distraction during the class.
A. Students can send images and songs.
1. Students will not concentrate and can't listen to the teacher.
2. Students will get lower marks.
B. Phones may ring during the class time.
III. Students can use the cell phones as a cheating device in tests.
A. Students can take pictures from the book for cheating purposes.
1. Using Bluetooth to send the pictures for their friends.
B. Students can save a document files.
1. Students can save files such as review questions or other important papers that the teacher gave it to them.
2. Cell phones can save notes in a text messages and send them to each others.
IV. During the class time students can send messages.
A. Instead of talking they can text each other by messaging.
B. Students get inclined into the habit of writing in short forms, which leads them not to be able to put the right spelling on paper.
V. Refutation
Most parents disagree to let their children take their cell phones in schools because they know its cause a lot of bad habits and their children will get lower marks. It's important for the children to know that it's a place to learn for 5 hours daily and they should know also that there is time for playing and other times to be responsible.
VI. Conclusion
To conclude, using cell phones in schools has a lot of discussions between to be allowed or not to be allowed. In my opinion, I'm disagree of using it in schools because it's become an addictive device that children and older people cannot live without it.
Cell phones in the classroom
Outline
I. Introduction
A. Learners can make use of cell phones’ cameras to capture important scenes during field trips.
B. Some cell phones are equipped with wireless internet features which can enhance online research among students.
C. Built-in clock is another significant feature of cell phones, and it can be used by both instructors and students to time group activities.
D. In case of an emergency, for instance, if there is a fire outbreak, cell phones can be very useful, especially among students who may require emergency support
E. Cell phones can assist students in planning their school activities. A student can make diary and also preset various reminders in his or her cell phone.
II.
A. Cell phones can greatly interfere with learning activities especially in a situation where students use their phones carelessly.
B. Students may also forget to switch off their cell phones. Therefore, incoming phone calls and messages will disrupt the whole class (Russell 1)
C. Cheating in examinations can be enhanced by cell phones.
D. Cell phone cameras may also be used for wrong purposes by students.
III. Conclusion
Cell Phones in the Classroom
According to the Beach School system regulations, middle and high school students are allowed to have cell phones in school, but they can only use them after a completed instructional day. However, last year my daughter was attending middle school and in one of her classes she was required to use her cell phone to log her homework and test dates. The teacher found that the students responded better if they used their phones as a planner instead of the normal paperback. Even today in high school where the policy has not changed, my daughter is using her cell for her accelerated courses. I found that ironic since this was against the school’s policy and Student Code of Conduct. “Public school systems have policies in place for cell phone use in the classroom; the issue seems to cause debate on whether or not cell phones have an actual educational place in the classroom” (Virginia Beach City Public Schools 1).
Modern cell phones are sophisticated and can perform several applications, which can facilitate effective learning. For instance, “in some North Carolina high schools students are using their phones to calculate Algebra equations” (Stansbury 1).
Learners can make use of cell phones’ cameras to capture important scenes during field trips. The video clips can be of great importance to the students during report writing. Besides this, the digital cameras can enable students to document multimedia presentations. Moreover, a student can capture information written by an instructor on the board and send it to his or her colleague who is absent.
Some cell phones are equipped with wireless internet features which can enhance online research among students. Access to the internet also enables students to form online discussion groups. Hence, they can avoid holding discussions physically. This mode of discussion is appropriate to shy students who may not be comfortable to express themselves in front of their colleagues.
Many students usually find it rather cumbersome to use the dictionaries owing to their bulky nature. This challenge can be surmounted by accessing dictionaries online through cell phones. For example, a student can easily get definitions of vocabularies on the internet.
Built-in clock is another significant feature of cell phones, and it can be used by both instructors and students to time group activities. This will enhance concentration of students because they will not be worried about time management. Consequently, students will be more focused on their learning tasks. By setting the timers, students can perform speed tests more effectively since they will not glance at the classroom clock.
In case of an emergency, for instance, if there is a fire outbreak, cell phones can be very useful, especially among students who may require emergency support. For instance, students can easily communicate to their colleagues and parents during such emergencies. Cell phones can also be helpful in situations when the school communication systems are disrupted. For example, cell phones can prevent a school communication system from getting jammed with calls when emergency cases arise.
Lastly, cell phones can assist students in planning their school activities. A student can make diary and also preset various reminders in his or her cell phone. This will prevent students from forgetting and missing important activities. They will also remember to do their assignments on time.
Cell phones can greatly interfere with learning activities especially in a situation where students use their phones carelessly. Studies reveal that students can easily lose concentration during learning if they possess many electronic gadgets in the learning environment. "There are some students who will just continually text, and teachers have often reported that they cannot complete a lesson because students are sitting texting” (Benton 2).
Students may also forget to switch off their cell phones. Therefore, incoming phone calls and messages will disrupt the whole class (Russell 1). Detecting such cases of indiscipline may be not easy to an instructor since text messages are written silently, and an instructor may not easily identify the students who are not concentrating.
Cheating in examinations can be enhanced by cell phones. For example, some students can search for answers through their phones. Besides this, students can receive and send examination answers to their colleagues. Moreover, a teacher may not have evidence to penalize a student who cheats in examination using a cell phone simply because they can easily delete the information after getting the answers.
Cell phone cameras may also be used for wrong purposes by students. For instance, “some kids whose cell phones have cameras take pictures and send them to their friends” (Fortner 22). Such activities can create conflicts among students. Apart from this, the victims of such actions may be affected psychologically, and this can jeopardize their studies.
From the above discussion it is evident that cell phones have many advantages to learners, but they can also cause interference in classes if they are not properly used. Teachers should, therefore, come up with rules, which regulate the use of cell phones in classrooms. If there is a need to use one, the teacher concerned should clearly give instructions. This is because cell phones can create a lot of interference in the learning environment if proper measures are not put in place to control how they are used in classrooms. Therefore, I suggest that young students should be allowed to use phones in various class activities, but under proper guidance.
I. Introduction
A. Learners can make use of cell phones’ cameras to capture important scenes during field trips.
B. Some cell phones are equipped with wireless internet features which can enhance online research among students.
C. Built-in clock is another significant feature of cell phones, and it can be used by both instructors and students to time group activities.
D. In case of an emergency, for instance, if there is a fire outbreak, cell phones can be very useful, especially among students who may require emergency support
E. Cell phones can assist students in planning their school activities. A student can make diary and also preset various reminders in his or her cell phone.
II.
A. Cell phones can greatly interfere with learning activities especially in a situation where students use their phones carelessly.
B. Students may also forget to switch off their cell phones. Therefore, incoming phone calls and messages will disrupt the whole class (Russell 1)
C. Cheating in examinations can be enhanced by cell phones.
D. Cell phone cameras may also be used for wrong purposes by students.
III. Conclusion
Cell Phones in the Classroom
According to the Beach School system regulations, middle and high school students are allowed to have cell phones in school, but they can only use them after a completed instructional day. However, last year my daughter was attending middle school and in one of her classes she was required to use her cell phone to log her homework and test dates. The teacher found that the students responded better if they used their phones as a planner instead of the normal paperback. Even today in high school where the policy has not changed, my daughter is using her cell for her accelerated courses. I found that ironic since this was against the school’s policy and Student Code of Conduct. “Public school systems have policies in place for cell phone use in the classroom; the issue seems to cause debate on whether or not cell phones have an actual educational place in the classroom” (Virginia Beach City Public Schools 1).
Modern cell phones are sophisticated and can perform several applications, which can facilitate effective learning. For instance, “in some North Carolina high schools students are using their phones to calculate Algebra equations” (Stansbury 1).
Learners can make use of cell phones’ cameras to capture important scenes during field trips. The video clips can be of great importance to the students during report writing. Besides this, the digital cameras can enable students to document multimedia presentations. Moreover, a student can capture information written by an instructor on the board and send it to his or her colleague who is absent.
Some cell phones are equipped with wireless internet features which can enhance online research among students. Access to the internet also enables students to form online discussion groups. Hence, they can avoid holding discussions physically. This mode of discussion is appropriate to shy students who may not be comfortable to express themselves in front of their colleagues.
Many students usually find it rather cumbersome to use the dictionaries owing to their bulky nature. This challenge can be surmounted by accessing dictionaries online through cell phones. For example, a student can easily get definitions of vocabularies on the internet.
Built-in clock is another significant feature of cell phones, and it can be used by both instructors and students to time group activities. This will enhance concentration of students because they will not be worried about time management. Consequently, students will be more focused on their learning tasks. By setting the timers, students can perform speed tests more effectively since they will not glance at the classroom clock.
In case of an emergency, for instance, if there is a fire outbreak, cell phones can be very useful, especially among students who may require emergency support. For instance, students can easily communicate to their colleagues and parents during such emergencies. Cell phones can also be helpful in situations when the school communication systems are disrupted. For example, cell phones can prevent a school communication system from getting jammed with calls when emergency cases arise.
Lastly, cell phones can assist students in planning their school activities. A student can make diary and also preset various reminders in his or her cell phone. This will prevent students from forgetting and missing important activities. They will also remember to do their assignments on time.
Cell phones can greatly interfere with learning activities especially in a situation where students use their phones carelessly. Studies reveal that students can easily lose concentration during learning if they possess many electronic gadgets in the learning environment. "There are some students who will just continually text, and teachers have often reported that they cannot complete a lesson because students are sitting texting” (Benton 2).
Students may also forget to switch off their cell phones. Therefore, incoming phone calls and messages will disrupt the whole class (Russell 1). Detecting such cases of indiscipline may be not easy to an instructor since text messages are written silently, and an instructor may not easily identify the students who are not concentrating.
Cheating in examinations can be enhanced by cell phones. For example, some students can search for answers through their phones. Besides this, students can receive and send examination answers to their colleagues. Moreover, a teacher may not have evidence to penalize a student who cheats in examination using a cell phone simply because they can easily delete the information after getting the answers.
Cell phone cameras may also be used for wrong purposes by students. For instance, “some kids whose cell phones have cameras take pictures and send them to their friends” (Fortner 22). Such activities can create conflicts among students. Apart from this, the victims of such actions may be affected psychologically, and this can jeopardize their studies.
From the above discussion it is evident that cell phones have many advantages to learners, but they can also cause interference in classes if they are not properly used. Teachers should, therefore, come up with rules, which regulate the use of cell phones in classrooms. If there is a need to use one, the teacher concerned should clearly give instructions. This is because cell phones can create a lot of interference in the learning environment if proper measures are not put in place to control how they are used in classrooms. Therefore, I suggest that young students should be allowed to use phones in various class activities, but under proper guidance.
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